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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Understanding the Current Industrial Security Environment | - Security challenges in OT environments - Convergence of IT and OT - Current state of industrial control systems security |
| Topic 2: Addressing Risk with Selected Security Counter Measures | - Patch management - Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) - Firewalls and network security devices - Anti-virus and endpoint protection |
| Topic 3: Creating A Security Program | - Defining information security policy - Developing a long-term security program - Security management organization |
| Topic 4: Validating or Verifying the Security of Systems | - Auditing and compliance - Continuous improvement of security measures - Security validation and verification techniques |
| Topic 5: Risk Analysis | - Cybersecurity risk assessment concepts - Risk management fundamentals - Risk and vulnerability analysis techniques |
| Topic 6: Addressing Risk with Implementation Measures | - Zones and conduits model - Access control principles - Industrial network architecture and segmentation - Defense-in-depth strategy |
| Topic 7: Addressing Risk with Security Policy, Organization, and Awareness | - Security policies and procedures - Security awareness and training - Organizational security roles and responsibilities |
| Topic 8: How Cyberattacks Happen | - Cyber threats and attack vectors - Case studies of industrial cyber incidents - Vulnerabilities in industrial systems |
| Topic 9: Monitoring and Improving the CSMS | - Security lifecycle management - Continuous monitoring of IACS cybersecurity - Incident detection and response |
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問題 #142
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords inherently carry which of the followinq risks?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：A,C
解題說明：
Multiuser accounts and shared passwords are accounts and passwords that are used by more than one person to access a system or a resource. They inherently carry the risk of unauthorized access, which means that someone who is not authorized or intended to use the account or password can gain access to the system or resource, and potentially compromise its confidentiality, integrity, or availability. For example, if a multiuser account and password are shared among several operators of an industrial automation and control system (IACS), an attacker who obtains the password can use the account to access the IACS and perform malicious actions, such as changing the system settings, deleting data, or disrupting the process. Multiuser accounts and shared passwords also make it difficult to track and audit the activities of individual users, and to enforce the principle of least privilege, which states that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Therefore, the ISA/IEC 62443 standards recommend avoiding the use of multiuser accounts and shared passwords, and instead using individual accounts and strong passwords for each user, and implementing authentication and authorization mechanisms to control the access to the IACS. References:
ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1 ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2009 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1: Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2 ISA/IEC 62443 Cybersecurity Fundamentals Specialist Training Course3 Shared passwords and multiuser accounts pose specific risks, notably unauthorized access and privilege escalation. In ISA/IEC 62443's framework, these practices are discouraged because they complicate the attribution of actions to individual users and increase the likelihood that accounts can be used beyond their intended scope. Unauthorized access occurs when individuals exploit the shared nature of an account to gain entry to systems or data that they should not access. Privilege escalation can happen when users leverage shared accounts to perform actions at higher permission levels than those assigned to their personal accounts.
Conversely, buffer overflows and race conditions are types of vulnerabilities or programming errors, not directly associated with the risks of multiuser accounts or shared passwords.
問題 #143
Authorization (user accounts) must be granted based on which of the following?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：D
解題說明：
Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to a network resource or function. Authorization (user accounts) must be granted based on specific roles, which are defined as sets of permissions and responsibilities assigned to a user or a group of users. Roles should be based on the principle of least privilege, which means that users should only have the minimum level of access required to perform their tasks. Roles should also be based on the principle of separation of duties, which means that users should not have conflicting or overlapping responsibilities that could compromise the security or integrity of the system.
Authorization based on individual preferences or common needs for large groups is not recommended, as it could lead to excessive or unnecessary access rights, or to inconsistent or conflicting policies. Authorization based on system complexity is also not a good criterion, as it could result in overcomplicated or unclear roles that are difficult to manage or audit. References:
* ISA/IEC 62443-3-3:2013 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 3-3: System security requirements and security levels1
* ISA/IEC 62443-2-1:2010 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 2-1:
Establishing an industrial automation and control systems security program2
* ISA/IEC 62443-4-1:2018 - Security for industrial automation and control systems - Part 4-1: Product security development life-cycle requirements3
問題 #144
Which is a reason for
and physical security regulations meeting a mixed resistance?
Available Choices (select all choices that are correct)
答案：C
解題說明：
Cybersecurity and physical security regulations are intended to provide guidance and requirements for protecting industrial control systems from various threats and risks. However, these regulations may face mixed resistance from different stakeholders for various reasons. One of the reasons is that there are a limited number of enforced cybersecurity and physical security regulations, especially at the international level. This means that some regions or countries may have more stringent or comprehensive regulations than others, creating inconsistencies and challenges for cross-border cooperation and compliance. Moreover, some regulations may be outdated or not aligned with the current best practices and standards, such as ISA/IEC
62443, which may limit their effectiveness and applicability. Therefore, some organizations may prefer to follow voluntary standards or frameworks, such as ISA/IEC 62443, rather than mandatory regulations, as they may offer more flexibility and adaptability to the specific needs and contexts of each industrial control system. References:
ISA/IEC 62443 Standards to Secure Your Industrial Control System, page 3 Using the ISA/IEC 62443 Standard to Secure Your Control System, page 9
問題 #145
Which is one of the PRIMARY goals of providing a framework addressing secure product development life- cycle requirements?
答案：B
解題說明：
ISA/IEC 62443-4-1 provides a framework for secure product development lifecycle (SDL). One of its primary goals is to ensure that security practices are integrated consistently and systematically throughout the product's development process.
"The objective of this part is to define a secure development lifecycle process that results in a consistent and repeatable approach to building secure products."
- ISA/IEC 62443-4-1:2018, Clause 1 - Scope
While all listed items may contribute to security, the core intent of Part 4-1 is to ensure an aligned, structured development process.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-4-1:2018 - Clause 1
Clause 4 - SDL Practices and Process Requirements
問題 #146
Which part of the ISA/IEC 62443 series describes a methodology to develop quantitative metrics?
答案：D
解題說明：
ISA/IEC 62443-1-3 is specifically titled "System Security Conformance Metrics" and introduces a methodology to develop quantitative metrics for assessing how well a system conforms to the ISA/IEC 62443 requirements.
"Part 1-3 defines a set of metrics to quantitatively measure the conformance of systems and components to the ISA/IEC 62443 series. It supports repeatable assessment and benchmarking."
- ISA/IEC 62443-1-3:2013, Scope and Clause 5
This allows organizations to establish measurable KPIs and drive continuous improvement in IACS cybersecurity programs.
References:
ISA/IEC 62443-1-3:2013 - Scope and Methodology Section
ISA/IEC 62443-1-1 - Relationship to other parts
問題 #147
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