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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| AI Risk Management | - Risk identification and assessment for AI systems
|
| Ethics, Privacy, and Responsible AI | - Ethical AI principles and compliance
|
| AI Lifecycle Controls | - Controls across AI development lifecycle
|
| AI Governance and Strategy | - AI governance frameworks and organizational oversight
|
| Regulatory and Compliance Requirements | - Global AI regulatory landscape
|
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問題 #86
Which of the following is the GREATEST concern when an organization cannot clearly explain an AI system's decision-making process and the origin of its inputs?
答案：B
解題說明：
Explainability and input transparency are foundational requirements for responsible AI governance. When these are absent, organizations lose the ability to identify when AI systems produce harmful, biased, or inaccurate results-leaving those harms undetected and unaddressed.
Why C is Correct: According to ISACA AAIR, the inability to explain AI decisions is most dangerous because it creates an environment where discriminatory or inaccurate outputs can persist undetected. This exposes the organization to regulatory penalties (particularly under anti-discrimination, financial services, and privacy laws), reputational damage, and harm to affected individuals. The detection gap-not knowing what the system is doing wrong-is the core governance failure.
Why A is Wrong: External provider dependence is a third-party risk management concern. While relevant, it is a structural risk that can be addressed through contract management, not an immediate consequence of lacking explainability.
Why B is Wrong: Declining adoption rates represent a change management and trust concern. Business unit reluctance to adopt AI is a cultural and operational issue, not the primary risk from unexplainable AI decisions.
Why D is Wrong: Manual review bottlenecks represent operational inefficiency. They may result from lack of confidence in AI outputs but do not represent the primary organizational harm from unexplainability.
問題 #87
Which of the following BEST mitigates risk associated with evasion attacks on AI models?
答案：C
解題說明：
Evasion attacks involve adversaries crafting inputs specifically designed to fool AI models into producing incorrect outputs-for example, manipulating images to evade object detection or modifying text to bypass content classifiers. Detecting these attacks requires identifying inputs that are statistically unusual or inconsistent with legitimate use patterns.
Why B is Correct: The ISACA AAIR adversarial AI security guidance identifies anomaly detection as the most effective mitigation for evasion attacks. Anomaly detection systems monitor input distributions, model query patterns, and output characteristics for statistical deviations that indicate adversarial manipulation. By identifying inputs that fall outside expected distributions or trigger unusual model responses, anomaly detection catches evasion attempts before they produce harmful outputs.
Why A is Wrong: API rate limiting controls query frequency to prevent brute-force model probing but does not detect or prevent crafted adversarial inputs sent at normal rates. An attacker can evade rate limits by spacing requests or distributing queries.
Why C is Wrong: Predictive analytics uses historical patterns to forecast future outcomes. It does not specifically detect real-time adversarial manipulation of model inputs.
Why D is Wrong: Feature importance weighting adjusts how much different input features influence model predictions. While it can improve robustness to irrelevant features, it does not detect adversarial inputs specifically crafted to exploit important features.
問題 #88
Which of the following is the PRIMARY concern associated with AI-based attacks on systems that store personal data?
答案：A
解題說明：
Within the ISACA Advanced in AI Risk framework, governance decisions should align AI use with policy, accountability, stakeholder expectations, risk appetite, and applicable legal or ethical obligations. AI-enabled re-identification is a direct privacy risk because models can combine attributes that appear harmless in isolation and infer an individual identity. This can defeat ordinary masking or pseudonymization and create regulatory exposure even when direct identifiers are absent. This makes option C, AI models may be able to identify combinations of attributes that can be used to re-identify individuals, the strongest answer. The other choices describe narrower technical, operational, performance, or administrative considerations and do not address the primary risk-management objective in the scenario as directly. A risk practitioner should select the response that most effectively reduces the stated exposure while preserving appropriate oversight, traceability, and alignment with organizational risk tolerance and business requirements.
問題 #89
To reinforce organization-wide ethical norms and risk recognition, which of the following is MOST important to integrate into AI user training?
答案：B
解題說明：
Effective AI user training must go beyond policy acknowledgment and compliance instruction to equip employees with the practical skills needed to identify ethical risks and report them appropriately. This builds an active risk-aware workforce.
Why B is Correct: The ISACA AAIR framework identifies that training on ethical risk indicators and reporting mechanisms directly reinforces ethical norms by enabling employees to recognize real-world signs of AI misuse, bias, or harmful outputs. When staff can identify specific risk signals and know how to escalate them, the organization builds a proactive risk culture grounded in practical ethical literacy.
Why A is Wrong: Acceptable use policy acknowledgment is a compliance activity, not a culture-building measure. Acknowledging a document does not ensure employees understand how to apply ethical principles in practice.
Why C is Wrong: Cyber threat identification addresses security risk, which is narrower than the full scope of ethical AI risk. Security training does not develop ethical judgment regarding fairness, bias, or societal impact.
Why D is Wrong: Regulatory compliance checklists address legal obligations but do not develop the ethical reasoning and risk recognition skills needed to reinforce organizational norms.
問題 #90
Which of the following is the MOST important reason for a risk practitioner to classify AI risk using threat actor profiles?
答案：A
解題說明：
Threat actor profiling characterizes the motivations, capabilities, and likely attack methods of potential adversaries. In AI risk management, understanding who the likely attackers are and what they seek enables the design of controls specifically matched to the actual threat landscape.
Why B is Correct: According to ISACA AAIR threat-based risk management guidance, the most important reason for threat actor profiling is to tailor controls to adversary motivations and capabilities. Different threat actors-nation-state attackers, criminal organizations, competitors, insiders, activists-have different objectives (espionage vs. financial gain vs. disruption), capabilities (sophisticated vs. opportunistic), and methods. Controls calibrated to actual threat actor profiles are significantly more effective than generic controls that may not address the specific threats the organization actually faces.
Why A is Wrong: Aligning AI threats with IT control taxonomy is a governance integration activity that improves control consistency but does not capture the threat actor-specific tailoring value of profiling.
Taxonomy alignment is an administrative benefit; threat-tailored controls are a security effectiveness benefit.
Why C is Wrong: Response metrics for cybersecurity incidents are developed for incident management planning. Threat actor profiling informs control design and incident response strategies but is not primarily used to develop response metrics.
Why D is Wrong: Prioritizing external threats over internal threats is a security strategy choice that threat actor profiling does not prescribe. Many AI attacks, including insider threats and social engineering, are internal. Profiling should result in appropriate prioritization based on actual threat likelihood, not a blanket prioritization of external threats.
問題 #91
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