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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Process Design and Analysis | 20% | - Process Types
|
| Forecasting and Project Management | 20% | - Project Management
|
| Supply Chain and Inventory Management | 20% | - Inventory Control
|
| Capacity Planning and Facility Layout | 15% | - Capacity Concepts
|
| Quality Management Methods | 25% | - Total Quality Management (TQM)
|
>> Operations-Management日本語 <<
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質問 # 68
What helps an organization identify and plan the actions necessary to meet current and future customer demands?
正解：A
解説：
Capacity planningis the process that helps organizations identify and plan the actions required to meet current and future customer demand.
In Operations Management, capacity planning ensures that an organization has theright amount of resources at the right time. These resources may include labor, equipment, facilities, and technology.
Capacity planning involves:
* Forecasting demand
* Evaluating existing capacity
* Identifying capacity gaps
* Selecting capacity adjustment strategies (e.g., overtime, subcontracting, expansion) Without capacity planning, organizations risk:
* Excess capacity and high costs
* Insufficient capacity and lost sales
* Poor service levels and customer dissatisfaction
Production capacity alone is static, while capacity planning isdynamic and forward-looking. Economic conditions influence demand but do not provide actionable operational plans.
Capacity planning aligns operations strategy with business strategy and supports sustainable growth.
質問 # 69
Which concept of variation measures the central tendency of a set of data?
正解：B
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (#250 words):
Themeanis the statistical measure that represents thecentral tendencyof a set of data.
In quality management and statistical process control (SPC), the mean indicates theaverage performance level of a process. It is calculated by summing all observed values and dividing by the number of observations.
In Operations Management, understanding central tendency is essential because:
* It defines the process target or expected output
* It serves as the reference point for evaluating variation
* It is used to establish control limits in control charts
Other options measure different aspects of variation:
* Rangemeasures dispersion between the highest and lowest values
* Standard deviationmeasures variability around the mean
* Variableis a generic term, not a measurement
TQM emphasizes not only achieving a desired mean but alsoreducing variability around it. A process can have the correct average output yet still produce defects if variation is excessive.
The mean is therefore foundational in quality analysis, process capability assessment, and continuous improvement initiatives. It helps managers understand whether processes are centered on customer specifications.
質問 # 70
How does inventory management differ for manufacturing organizations compared to service organizations?
正解：B
解説：
Manufacturing organizations differ from service organizations because they mustmaintain tangible inventory
.
In manufacturing, inventory includes:
* Raw materials
* Work-in-progress
* Finished goods
These physical items require storage, handling, tracking, and capital investment. Inventory management is therefore a central operational concern in manufacturing.
Service organizations, by contrast, typically do not produce tangible goods. Their primary "inventory" consists of:
* Labor availability
* Time
* Capacity
Idle capacity in services cannot be stored for future use, making demand management more critical than inventory storage.
The incorrect options misrepresent service and manufacturing realities:
* Services do not maintain physical WIP
* Manufacturers do not hold inventory regardless of demand
* Idle time in services is not caused by material shortages
Operations Management highlights inventory as afundamental structural differencebetween manufacturing and service systems.
質問 # 71
Which type of aggregate plan is preferable when a company produces custom or special purpose equipment, one-of-a-kind items, or highly perishable products?
正解：D
解説：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (#270 words):
Achase aggregate planis preferable for environments withcustom, one-of-a-kind, special-purpose, or highly perishable outputsbecause production is designed to"chase" (match) demandrather than build inventory.
In a level plan, the firm maintains a constant production rate and uses inventory/backorders to absorb demand fluctuation. That works best when products can be stored economically and demand variability can be buffered. For one-of-a-kind and highly perishable items, inventory is either impossible (custom items) or risky and costly (perishability, obsolescence). Therefore, the operationally sound strategy is to adjust capacity to align output with demand.
This links directly to aggregate planning's purpose: validating whether the system has sufficient capacity to meet expected requests and defining the most appropriate combination of resources. The document also highlights that one aggregate planning mechanism is to"produce reactively (react to demand) - requires flexibility."That is the core logic of a chase strategy.
A chase plan typically uses capacity levers like hiring/layoffs, subcontracting, flexible staffing, and overtime-chosen based on the duration and magnitude of demand changes. It prioritizes responsiveness and minimal inventory, which is essential when holding finished goods is undesirable or infeasible.
質問 # 72
Which term means to schedule a job that starts immediately, regardless of the due date?
正解：D
解説：
Forward schedulingmeans scheduling workas soon as resources are available, regardless of the job's due date.
In Operations Management:
* Forward scheduling starts at the current time
* Jobs are scheduled sequentially into the future
* Completion dates are determined after scheduling
This method is commonly used when:
* Capacity utilization is the priority
* Due dates are flexible
* Make-to-stock environments exist
In contrast:
* Backward schedulingstarts from the due date and works backward
* Finite loadingrespects capacity limits
* Infinite loadingignores capacity constraints
Forward scheduling ensures continuous resource use but may result in early job completion and higher inventory levels.
質問 # 73
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