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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Workloads & Scheduling | 15% | - Configure applications with ConfigMaps and Secrets - Pod lifecycle, init containers, probes - Resource requests, limits and autoscaling - Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Pod scheduling: node selector, affinity, taints/tolerations |
| Topic 2: Services & Networking | 20% | - Network policies - Ingress resources and controllers - Service types: ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName - CoreDNS and service discovery - CNI configuration and troubleshooting |
| Topic 3: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration | 25% | - Manage RBAC - Implement high availability control plane - Prepare infrastructure for cluster installation - Install components via Helm / Kustomize - Understand CNI, CSI, CRI interfaces - Work with CRDs and Operators - Manage cluster lifecycle and upgrades - Create and manage clusters with kubeadm |
| Topic 4: Troubleshooting | 30% | - Worker node issues and recovery - Control plane component failures - Log collection and analysis - Pod and application failures - Cluster component health checks - Network connectivity and DNS resolution problems |
| Topic 5: Storage | 10% | - StatefulSet storage configuration - StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning - Persistent Volumes (PV) and Persistent Volume Claims (PVC) - Volume types and access modes |
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NEW QUESTION # 69
You have a Kubernetes cluster running with several pods, each exposed via a 'Service' of type LoadBalance. However, you notice some pods are randomly unreachable from external clients, despite appearing healthy in the cluster. You suspect this could be a network issue within the cluster. Describe the steps you would take to diagnose and troubleshoot this issue, focusing on network-related aspects of Kubernetes.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Verify Service Configuration:
- Use 'kubectl describe service ' to examine the service definition.
- Check if the 'externallPs are correctly configured and match the IPs assigned by your cloud provider.
- Ensure that the 'selector' in the service matches the labels on the pods you're trying to access.
2. Check Pod Connectivity:
- Use 'kubectl exec -it bash' to get a shell within one of the pods.
- Run 'ping ' to test connectivity from within the pod to the external IP of the service.
- If ping fails, it indicates that the pod can't reach the service's external IP.
3. Examine Network Policies:
- Check if any 'NetworkPolicy' rules are blocking traffic to or from the pods in question.
- Use 'kubectl get networkpolicies' and 'kubectl describe networkpolicy to list and examine policies.
4. Inspect Network Resources:
- Use "kubectl get nodes' to check the status of the nodes. Look for any node-level networking problems or errors.
- Examine network resource usage (e.g., bandwidth, CPU) on the nodes using tools like 'kubectl top nodes'.
5. Analyze Cluster Events:
- Check the Kubernetes event logs using 'kubectl get events'. Look for events related to networking issues, pod restarts, or other relevant events.
6. Inspect Network Connectivity (Node-Level):
- If the issue seems to originate within the cluster, use tools like 'ping' or 'traceroute' from within a node to test connectivity between nodes and/or to external services.
7. Verify Load Balancer Health:
- If using a cloud provider's load balancer, check its health status and logs. Ensure it's correctly forwarding traffic to the back-end pods.
8. Check Firewall Rules:
- Ensure that there are no external firewall rules blocking traffic to the Kubernetes cluster or specific ports used by the services.
9. Consider Network Plugin Configuration:
- Review the configuration of the network plugin used in your cluster (e.g., Calico, Flannel). Potential issues in the plugin's configuration might cause connectivity problems.
Example Scenario: Imagine you have a NodePort service 'my-service' exposing a web server. The service is configured to forward traffic to pods labeled 'app=web'. You're able to access the service from within the cluster but encounter random disconnections from external clients. Troubleshooting Steps:
1 . Verify the service definition to ensure 'externallPs' are correctly assigned and 'selector' matches pod label
2. 'kubectl exec -it bash' to ping the service's 'externallP'. If unsuccessful, proceed to step 3.
3. Check if any NetworkPolicies are blocking traffic to the 'web' pods.
4. Verify the health status of all nodes in the cluster.
5. Examine cluster events for any networking-related errors.
6. Use ping' and 'traceroute' from a node to test connectivity to the external service.
7. Check the health of the load balancer if it's being used.
8. Ensure no external firewall rules block traffic to the service's ports.
9. Inspect the configuration of the network plugin in your cluster for any potential issues.
NEW QUESTION # 70
Score: 7%
Task
Given an existing Kubernetes cluster running version 1.20.0, upgrade all of the Kubernetes control plane and node components on the master node only to version 1.20.1.
Be sure to drain the master node before upgrading it and uncordon it after the upgrade.
You are also expected to upgrade kubelet and kubectl on the master node.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
SOLUTION:
[student@node-1] > ssh ek8s
kubectl cordon k8s-master
kubectl drain k8s-master --delete-local-data --ignore-daemonsets --force apt-get install kubeadm=1.20.1-00 kubelet=1.20.1-00 kubectl=1.20.1-00 --disableexcludes=kubernetes kubeadm upgrade apply 1.20.1 --etcd-upgrade=false systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart kubelet kubectl uncordon k8s-master
NEW QUESTION # 71
Score: 13%
Task
A Kubernetes worker node, named wk8s-node-0 is in state NotReady. Investigate why this is the case, and perform any appropriate steps to bring the node to a Ready state, ensuring that any changes are made permanent.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
Solution:
sudo -i
systemctl status kubelet
systemctl start kubelet
systemctl enable kubelet
NEW QUESTION # 72
Check the Image version of nginx-dev pod using jsonpath
Answer:
Explanation:
kubect1 get po nginx-dev -o jsonpath='{.spec.containers[].image}{"\n"}'
NEW QUESTION # 73
A Kubernetes worker node, named wk8s-node-0 is in state NotReady. Investigate why this is the case, and perform any appropriate steps to bring the node to a Ready state, ensuring that any changes are made permanent.
You can ssh to the failed node using:
[student@node-1] $ | ssh Wk8s-node-0
You can assume elevated privileges on the node with the following command:
[student@w8ks-node-0] $ | sudo -i
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
solution
NEW QUESTION # 74
......
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