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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
| Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
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NEW QUESTION # 59
We observed Hubble output:
Question 7 Hubble flow exhibit
Explain what may have happened:
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The exhibit records connections originating from default/test and directed to default/test2 , eliminating B and C because those choices reverse the initiating workload. For destination port 80, the flow shows the TCP three-way handshake-SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK-followed by bidirectional packets with ACK/PSH flags and an orderly FIN exchange. This is the pattern of a successfully established request and response, so the first curl operation succeeded.
The later connection targets port 8080. Hubble records a SYN from test followed by an ACK, RST response from test2 . A reset returned immediately after the connection attempt indicates that the destination rejected or could not accept the connection, commonly because no process was listening on that port. It is not shown as a policy drop; both entries carry the FORWARDED verdict. Thus the network delivered the packets, but the TCP connection itself failed.
Option D is the only choice matching a successful request from test to port 80 and a failed request from test to port 8080. Its displayed IP strings contain source-document transcription defects, but its workload direction, ports, and outcomes match the exhibit.
Official references
Inspecting Network Flows with the CLI ; Troubleshooting with Hubble .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
NEW QUESTION # 60
When considering changing an existing cluster's IPAM (IP address management) mode, what is the safest path?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The official IPAM documentation expressly states that the safest way to change IPAM mode is to install a fresh Kubernetes cluster using the required new IPAM configuration. A live cluster already contains allocated workload addresses, node routing state, Cilium endpoint state, service state, and potentially cloud-provider resources that depend on the active allocator. Replacing the allocator in place can invalidate these assumptions and cause persistent connectivity disruption rather than merely a short agent restart.
Updating a Kubernetes Node object does not generally convert Cilium's IPAM mode. The responsible resource and allocation behavior depend on the selected mode: Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, cluster-pool IPAM, multi-pool IPAM, CRD-backed modes, and cloud-specific allocators manage address information differently. Restarting agents after changing a configuration value likewise does not constitute a safe migration plan, because existing endpoints and routes may retain state created under the former allocator.
Cilium advises against changing the IPAM mode of an existing cluster unless a specifically documented migration procedure applies. The currently documented exception is migration from cluster-pool IPAM to multi-pool IPAM. As the question provides no such constrained scenario, D is the unambiguously safest answer.
Official references
IP Address Management .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
NEW QUESTION # 61
This an Ingress configuration. What is the equivalent Gateway API configuration?
Question 19 source Ingress
A)
Question 19 option A
B)
Question 19 option B
C)
Question 19 option C
D)
Question 19 option D
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Option B correctly represents the Ingress as a Gateway and an attached HTTPRoute . The Gateway is named cilium , uses gatewayClassName: cilium , and exposes an HTTP listener on port 80. The HTTPRoute uses parentRefs with the same Gateway name, cilium , so the route attaches to the declared listener. Its two rules preserve the original routing behavior: /details with PathPrefix targets the details Service on port 9080, while / with PathPrefix targets productpage on port 9080.
Option A declares a Gateway named cilium but attaches its route to nginx-gateway . Because the parent reference does not identify the displayed Gateway, it is not equivalent. Options C and D use kind: Route ; the correct resource kind for HTTP path routing is HTTPRoute . They also contain malformed or altered backend and matching fields. Option D changes the details backend name, while option C contains incorrect route structure and path content.
Cilium's official migration example uses the same conversion pattern: the Ingress class becomes the Gateway' s class, paths move into HTTPRoute.rules , and the route identifies its Gateway through parentRefs .
The supplied key incorrectly identifies A. The verified answer is B.
Official references
HTTP Migration Example .
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 62
You need to expose an application over HTTPS on your Cilium-managed Kubernetes cluster The security team has specifically asked for traffic to be encrypted all the way from the external clients to the Service.
Which option should you use?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The requirement is that traffic remain encrypted all the way from the external client to the backend Service .
Therefore, TLS must not terminate at the Cilium Gateway/Envoy proxy .
With TLS Passthrough , Cilium forwards the encrypted TLS stream to the backend without decrypting the application traffic. Envoy can inspect the TLS ClientHello/SNI sufficiently to select the appropriate backend, but the TLS session itself continues to the Service. Cilium specifically supports TLS passthrough with the Gateway API TLSRoute resource .
By contrast, TLS Terminate + HTTPRoute decrypts the connection at the Gateway. Although a separate encrypted connection to the backend can be configured in some architectures, that is not the same as preserving the original end-to-end TLS session requested here. Cilium's HTTPS Gateway examples use TLS termination when the Gateway itself handles the certificate.
Study Guide topic: Service Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 63
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 64
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