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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - SQL Injection & Command Injection - Web Server Vulnerabilities - Web Security Countermeasures - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF - API Security Risks |
| Malware Threats | 7% | - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - APT & Fileless Malware - AI-Powered Malware - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms |
| Scanning Networks | 8% | - Host & Port Discovery - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Network Scanning Basics - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Countermeasures |
| Session Hijacking | 4% | - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Hijacking Techniques - Countermeasures - Session Hijacking Concepts |
| Enumeration | 7% | - Enumeration Countermeasures - AI-Driven Enumeration - Enumeration Concepts - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration |
| Social Engineering | 6% | - Countermeasures & Awareness - Identity Theft - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts |
| Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Evasion Techniques - Honeypot Concepts & Detection |
| Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Scanning & Analysis Tools |
| Cloud Computing | 5% | - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks - Cloud Security Best Practices - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Models & Services |
| Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities - Mobile Attack Vectors - Mobile Device Security |
| Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Security Best Practices - Wireless Hacking Tools - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 |
| Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Information Security Concepts - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance |
| System Hacking | 8% | - Privilege Escalation - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Clearing Tracks & Logs - Maintaining Access |
| Denial-of-Service | 4% | - DDoS Tools - Defense Mechanisms - DoS & DDoS Concepts - Attack Techniques & Botnets |
| Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - OSINT Techniques - Reconnaissance Countermeasures - Reconnaissance Concepts |
| Sniffing | 5% | - Packet Sniffing Concepts - Sniffing Countermeasures - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - MITM Attacks |
| IoT & OT Security | 4% | - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - Security Controls |
| Cryptography | 5% | - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Cryptography in Practice - Public Key Infrastructure |
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NEW QUESTION # 663
You are Sameer Das, an ethical hacker hired by a national utilities provider to assess the resilience of its power grid infrastructure. During your red team operation, you conduct a phishing campaign targeting field engineers and successfully gain access to the internal OT network. From there, you identify unsecured access to the substation's programmable controllers and replace one of the system's firmware components with a custom payload. This payload silently processes your commands while maintaining access across reboots.
Based on this action, which type of IoT OT threat are you simulating?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The described activity most directly matches a firmware update attack. In CEH coverage of IoT and OT threats, firmware represents the low-level code that runs on embedded devices and industrial controllers, and compromising it is one of the most impactful persistence methods because it survives reboots and often persists through normal configuration resets. The scenario states that Sameer "replaces one of the system's firmware components with a custom payload" and that the payload "maintains access across reboots." Those are signature characteristics of a firmware-level compromise, typically achieved through insecure firmware update mechanisms, weak signing or verification controls, exposed update interfaces, or inadequate access controls on management ports.
A firmware update attack can occur when devices accept unsigned firmware, use weak integrity checks, allow downgrade to vulnerable versions, or expose update services without strong authentication. Once malicious firmware is installed, it can covertly execute commands, manipulate device behavior, hide its presence from higher-level monitoring, and create a durable foothold in OT environments where patching and reimaging are difficult. CEH emphasizes that OT devices such as programmable controllers and substation automation equipment are especially sensitive because firmware tampering can affect availability and safety, not just confidentiality.
Remote access using a backdoor is a broader concept and could be the payload's function, but the primary technique here is achieving persistence by modifying firmware. Forged malicious device refers to introducing rogue hardware, and exploit kits are typically used for automated exploitation on endpoints, not controller firmware replacement.
NEW QUESTION # 664
A cybersecurity firm has deployed a comprehensive defense system, including Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), firewalls, and honeypots, to protect its network from malicious activities.
Despite these measures, the security team has noticed suspicious traffic patterns indicating potential attempts to evade detection and breach the network perimeter. The team is tasked with identifying advanced evasion techniques and strengthening the defense mechanisms to mitigate emerging threats effectively. Given the scenario described, which sophisticated evasion technique, resembling a scenario-based attack, poses the greatest challenge for the security team to detect and mitigate effectively, potentially compromising the integrity of the cybersecurity firm's network?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Covert channel communication hides malicious data within legitimate-looking protocol fields, such as unused IP header bits, allowing attackers to bypass IDS, firewalls, and honeypots because the traffic appears normal and does not match known signatures or behavioral patterns.
NEW QUESTION # 665
A system's audit logs are not centralized. Which attack phase is hardest to detect?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Lateral movement is hardest to detect without centralized logging because attackers move between internal systems using multiple hosts and credentials. Correlating events across systems becomes difficult when logs are scattered and not centrally monitored.
NEW QUESTION # 666
In order to tailor your tests during a web-application scan, you decide to determine which web-server version is hosting the application. On using the sV flag with Nmap. you obtain the following response:
80/tcp open http-proxy Apache Server 7.1.6
what Information-gathering technique does this best describe?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Banner grabbing is a technique wont to gain info about a computer system on a network and the services running on its open ports. administrators will use this to take inventory of the systems and services on their network. However, an to find will use banner grabbing so as to search out network hosts that are running versions of applications and operating systems with known exploits.
Some samples of service ports used for banner grabbing are those used by Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP); ports 80, 21, and 25 severally. Tools normally used to perform banner grabbing are Telnet, nmap and Netcat.
For example, one may establish a connection to a target internet server using Netcat, then send an HTTP request. The response can usually contain info about the service running on the host:
This information may be used by an administrator to catalog this system, or by an intruder to narrow down a list of applicable exploits.
To prevent this, network administrators should restrict access to services on their networks and shut down unused or unnecessary services running on network hosts. Shodan is a search engine for banners grabbed from portscanning the Internet.
NEW QUESTION # 667
A bank stores and processes sensitive privacy information related to home loans. However, auditing has never been enabled on the system. What is the first step that the bank should take before enabling the audit feature?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 668
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