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問題 #27
Analyst B has discovered unauthorized access to data. What has she discovered?
答案:B
解題說明:
Unauthorized access to data is the defining condition of a data breach. In standard cybersecurity terminology, a breach occurs when confidentiality is compromised-meaning data is accessed, acquired, viewed, or exfiltrated by an entity that is not authorized to do so. This is distinct from a "threat," which is only the potential for harm, and distinct from a "hacker," which describes an actor rather than the security outcome. A breach can result from external attackers, malicious insiders, credential theft, misconfigurations, unpatched vulnerabilities, or poor access controls. Cybersecurity guidance typically frames breaches as realized security incidents with measurable impact: exposure of regulated data, loss of intellectual property, fraud risk, reputational harm, and legal/regulatory consequences. Once unauthorized access is confirmed, incident response procedures generally require containment (limit further access), preservation of evidence (logs, system images where appropriate), eradication (remove persistence), and recovery (restore secure operations). Organizations also assess scope-what data types were accessed, how many records, which systems, and the dwell time-and then determine notification obligations where laws or contracts apply. In short, the discovery describes an actual compromise of data confidentiality, which is precisely a breach.
問題 #28
Which of the following should be addressed by functional security requirements?
答案:A
解題說明:
Functional security requirements define what security capabilities a system must provide to protect information and enforce policy. They describe required security functions such as identification and authentication, authorization, role-based access control, privilege management, session handling, auditing/logging, segregation of duties, and account lifecycle processes. Because of this, user privileges are a direct and core concern of functional security requirements: the system must support controlling who can access what, under which conditions, and with what level of permission.
In cybersecurity requirement documentation, "privileges" include permission assignment (roles, groups, entitlements), enforcement of least privilege, privileged access restrictions, elevation workflows, administrative boundaries, and the ability to review and revoke permissions. These are functional because they require specific system behaviors and features-for example, the ability to define roles, prevent unauthorized actions, log privileged activities, and enforce timeouts or re-authentication for sensitive operations.
The other options are typically classified differently. System reliability and performance/stability are generally non-functional requirements (quality attributes) describing service levels, resilience, and operational characteristics rather than security functions. Identified vulnerabilities are findings from assessments that drive remediation work and risk treatment; they inform security improvements but are not themselves functional requirements. Therefore, the option best aligned with functional security requirements is user privileges.
問題 #29
In the OSI model for network communication, the Session Layer is responsible for:
答案:B
解題說明:
The OSI Session Layer (Layer 5) is responsible for establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between communicating applications. A session is the logical dialogue that allows two endpoints to coordinate how communication starts, how it continues, and how it ends. This includes controlling the "conversation" state, such as who can transmit at what time, maintaining the session so it stays active, and closing it cleanly when it is no longer needed. Because of this, option A best matches the Session Layer's core responsibilities.
In contrast, presenting data to the receiver in a recognizable form is the job of the Presentation Layer (Layer 6), which deals with formatting, encoding, compression, and often cryptographic transformation concepts. Adding appropriate network addresses to packets aligns to the Network Layer (Layer 3), where logical addressing and routing decisions occur, typically associated with IP addressing. Transmitting the data on the medium is handled at the Physical Layer (Layer 1), which concerns signals, cabling, and the actual movement of bits.
From a cybersecurity perspective, session management is important because weaknesses can enable session hijacking, replay, or fixation, especially when session identifiers are predictable, not protected, or not properly invalidated. Controls commonly include strong authentication, secure session token generation, timeout and reauthentication rules, and proper session termination to reduce exposure.
問題 #30
How should categorization information be used in business impact analysis?
答案:B
問題 #31
Analyst B has discovered multiple attempts from unauthorized users to access confidential data. This is most likely?
答案:D
解題說明:
Multiple attempts by unauthorized users to access confidential data most closely aligns with activity from a hacker, meaning an unauthorized actor attempting to gain access to systems or information. Cybersecurity operations commonly observe this pattern as repeated login failures, password-spraying, credential-stuffing, brute-force attempts, repeated probing of restricted endpoints, or abnormal access requests against protected repositories. While "user" is too generic and could include authorized individuals, the question explicitly states "unauthorized users," pointing to malicious or illegitimate actors. "Admin" and "IT Support" are roles typically associated with legitimate privileged access and operational troubleshooting; repeated unauthorized access attempts from those roles would be atypical and would still represent compromise or misuse rather than normal operations. Cybersecurity documentation often classifies these attempts as indicators of malicious intent and potential precursor events to a breach. Controls recommended to counter such activity include strong authentication (multi-factor authentication), account lockout and throttling policies, anomaly detection, IP reputation filtering, conditional access, least privilege, and monitoring of authentication logs for patterns across accounts and geographies. The key distinction is that repeated unauthorized attempts represent hostile behavior by an external or rogue actor, which is best described as a hacker in the provided options.
問題 #32
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