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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Architecture | 20% | - Understand the Role of Cilium in Kubernetes Environments
|
| Topic 2: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - Egress Connectivity Requirements
|
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - Understand the Role of eBPF in Cilium
|
| Topic 4: Network Policy | 18% | - Interpret Cilium Network Policies and Intent
|
| Topic 5: Service Mesh | 16% | - Know How to use Ingress or Gateway API for Ingress Routing
|
| Topic 6: Network Observability | 10% | - Understand the Observability Capabilities of Hubble
|
| Topic 7: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Understand the Benefits of Cluster Mesh for Multi-cluster Connectivity
|
| Topic 8: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Know How to Use Cilium CLI to Query and Modify the Configuration
|
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58. Frage
Which of these observability features is NOT supported by Hubble?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Hubble does not obtain Layer 7 protocol visibility exclusively through eBPF without a proxy. By default, Cilium's datapath exposes Layer 3 and Layer 4 flow information. To produce supported application-layer events, traffic is selected through an L7 Cilium policy and redirected to the node-local Envoy proxy. Envoy parses the application protocol and forwards access-log information that Cilium and Hubble expose as Layer
7 flow events.
The other capabilities are supported. Hubble flow records contain the observing node, and the CLI provides node-based filtering. HTTP-aware flows can contain response status codes, enabling inspection or filtering for results such as 200 and 404. Hubble also records forwarding verdicts and drop reasons. Operators can filter for DROPPED traffic and distinguish policy-denied connections from forwarded traffic and other failure conditions.
This separation is fundamental to Cilium's architecture: eBPF provides efficient kernel-level forwarding, security enforcement, and L3/L4 observability, while Envoy supplies protocol parsing when request-level context is required. The integration remains transparent to applications, but the proxy is still present in the traffic path for Layer 7 visibility.
Therefore, B describes the unsupported mechanism and is the correct answer.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility ; Envoy ; Hubble CLI .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
59. Frage
Which one of the following best describes the role Cilium provides in Kubernetes?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Cilium functions as a Kubernetes Container Network Interface implementation. When Kubernetes creates or removes a pod sandbox, the container runtime invokes the configured CNI plugin. Cilium establishes the pod' s network connectivity, connects the workload to the node's networking environment, allocates or obtains an address through the configured IPAM mode, and coordinates the endpoint with the Cilium agent. Its eBPF datapath then supplies routing, service load balancing, policy enforcement, and network visibility.
Cilium provides substantially more functionality than the minimum CNI contract, but those additional capabilities do not change its primary Kubernetes networking role. Hubble supplies integrated network observability, yet Cilium is not merely a container-metrics monitor. Resource utilization such as CPU and memory is normally handled through Kubernetes metrics and monitoring systems.
Cilium is also not a Container Storage Interface. CSI drivers manage storage volumes, attachment, mounting, and lifecycle operations, which are unrelated to Cilium's primary responsibilities. Nor is Cilium simply a pod- operation logging mechanism. It can emit datapath events and diagnostic logs, but those are supporting capabilities.
Accordingly, D provides the correct architectural classification for Cilium in a Kubernetes cluster.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Cilium Helm Installation .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
60. Frage
You want to consult the current Cilium configuration using the Cilium CLI. Which command should you use?
Antwort: A
Begründung:
Technical explanation
cilium config view is the Cilium CLI command intended to display the current configuration. It reads the configuration associated with the selected Kubernetes context, Cilium namespace, and Helm release and presents the relevant settings for inspection. This makes D the direct answer.
cilium status performs a different function. It reports the health and readiness of Cilium components such as the agent DaemonSet, operator, Envoy, Hubble Relay, and Cluster Mesh. Although status output may reveal a small amount of deployment information, it is not a complete configuration-viewing command.
cilium sysdump collects a comprehensive troubleshooting archive containing Kubernetes resources, component logs, command output, configuration data, and other diagnostic evidence. It is appropriate when preparing a support bundle, but it is unnecessarily broad for simply consulting the current configuration.
cilium context deals with Kubernetes context selection or inspection rather than displaying Cilium's configured values.
The Cilium CLI organizes configuration operations under the cilium config command group. Related subcommands include set , delete , and view . Because the requested action is read-only inspection of the existing settings, view is the appropriate subcommand.
Official references
Cilium CLI `config view` .
Study Guide topic: Installation and Configuration.
61. Frage
The application team would like to observe egress traffic with application level information for workloads running in a Cilium based Kubernetes Cluster Which features would offer this without the need for additional tooling?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
Hubble UI and Hubble CLI are Cilium's integrated interfaces for examining workload network flows. Hubble records source and destination identities, namespaces, workloads, addresses, ports, forwarding verdicts, and drop reasons. When Layer 7 visibility is configured, its flow output can also contain application-level information such as HTTP methods, URLs, response codes, latency, and DNS queries. Filters can narrow the results by source workload, namespace, destination, protocol, port, or verdict, making Hubble appropriate for investigating egress behavior.
Hubble CLI provides detailed event-oriented inspection, while Hubble UI presents flows and service dependencies graphically. Hubble Relay aggregates the per-node Hubble APIs so these clients can obtain cluster-wide visibility.
Load balancing directs traffic but is not an observability interface. Kubernetes NetworkPolicy expresses permitted communications but does not by itself display application-level flow records. Fluentd and Grafana are external logging and visualization components and would violate the requirement to avoid additional tooling.
Layer 7 information requires supported traffic to be redirected through Cilium's L7 proxy. Hubble then exposes the resulting application-layer flow events through the built-in CLI or UI, making D the complete answer.
Official references
Network Observability with Hubble ; Inspecting Network Flows .
Study Guide topic: Network Observability.
62. Frage
Which component, when available, is able to handle IPAM requests?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Technical explanation
The Cilium Operator handles IP address management responsibilities in IPAM modes that require cluster- wide or cloud-integrated allocation. Current documentation identifies the operator as responsible for IPAM in Azure IPAM, AWS ENI, and cluster-scope mode. Cloud-specific operators populate the appropriate allocation information in CiliumNode resources, after which node-local agents allocate addresses to endpoints from the available ranges.
The phrase "when available" is important because responsibilities vary by IPAM mode. Under Kubernetes host-scope IPAM, Kubernetes allocates each node's PodCIDR, and the Cilium agent consumes that range from the Kubernetes Node object. Nevertheless, among the supplied components, the operator is the component specifically associated with centralized IPAM requests and allocation management.
The Cilium agent implements each node's datapath and endpoint lifecycle but is not the general cluster-wide IPAM answer intended here. Cilium API Server is not the documented allocation component. The misspelled Cilium CNIPIugin refers to the CNI plugin, which requests networking setup when a pod is created but does not replace the operator's IPAM responsibilities.
Official references
Cilium Operator , Cilium IP Address Management
Study Guide topic: Cilium Operator responsibilities and IPAM modes.
63. Frage
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