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| Certification Vendor: | Linux Foundation |
|---|---|
| Exam Name: | Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator |
| Exam Number: | LFCS |
| Available Languages: | German, Japanese, English, Simplified Chinese |
| Exam Price: | USD 395 |
| Passing Score: | 67% |
| Real Exam Qty: | 17-20 performance-based tasks |
| Exam Duration: | 120 minutes |
| Exam Format: | Online proctored exam, Performance-based, Hands-on command-line tasks |
| Certificate Validity Period: | 2 years |
| Related Certifications: | Linux Foundation Certified Engineer (LFCE) Linux Foundation Certified IT Associate (LFCA) |
| Sample Questions: | Linux Foundation LFCS Sample Questions |
| Exam Way: | Online remote-proctored, performance-based examination completed in a Linux command-line environment. |
| Pre Condition: | No prerequisites. Candidates should possess practical Linux system administration skills. |
| Official Syllabus URL: | https://training.linuxfoundation.org/certification/linux-foundation-certified-sysadmin-lfcs/ |
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The Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator (LFCS) certification from The Linux Foundation is a comprehensive Linux certification to verify and validate the skills of your Linux operating system. Linux is the number 1 operating system for web servers, cloud computing, smartphones, and consumer electronics. It has grown very rapidly over the years and even Microsoft has fully adopted Linux to run Microsoft Azure cloud workloads.
The IT industry is looking for more and more IT professionals with the ability to manage and administer the Linux operating system. This certification will help you validate these skills to advance your career.
NEW QUESTION # 147
Which of the following commands will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space?
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 148
Context
An LVM-backed filesystem is filling up.
Task
Without unmounting the LVM-backed filesystem mounted at /var/log, add 0.2GB of disk space from the volume group system.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the complete solution in Explanation.
Explanation:
Objective: Increase the storage capacity of the LVM-backed filesystem mounted at /var/log by approximately
0.2 GB, using free space from the existing volume group system, without unmounting the filesystem or interrupting access to existing log files.
The solution requires two operations:
Extend the logical volume using lvextend.
Grow the filesystem online so that it can use the additional capacity.
For the ext4 filesystem demonstrated in the video, the principal commands are:
sudo lvextend -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
sudo resize2fs /dev/system/log
The commands must be executed in the correct order. The first expands the underlying logical volume, while the second expands the ext4 filesystem. Both operations can be performed without unmounting a supported ext4 filesystem.
Linux manual page
+1
Step 1: Connect to the correct Linux server.
The video identifies the required host as lfcs00093.
From the candidate terminal, execute:
ssh lfcs00093
This establishes an SSH session with the server containing the LVM-backed /var/log filesystem.
All subsequent commands must be executed on this host.
Step 2: Verify that /var/log is a separate mounted filesystem.
Execute:
findmnt /var/log
This displays the source device, filesystem type, mountpoint and mount options.
For a more concise result:
findmnt -no SOURCE,FSTYPE,TARGET /var/log
The recording identifies the logical volume as:
/dev/system/log
The mountpoint is:
/var/log
This matters because /var/log could otherwise simply be a directory inside the root filesystem. The task specifically concerns a separate LVM-backed filesystem mounted there.
Step 3: Inspect the existing filesystem capacity.
Execute:
df -hT /var/log
This reports:
Filesystem device.
Filesystem type.
Total filesystem capacity.
Used space.
Available space.
Utilization percentage.
Mountpoint.
Record the existing size before extending the volume.
Step 4: Inspect the LVM configuration.
Execute:
sudo pvs
sudo vgs
sudo lvs
These commands provide three levels of LVM information:
Command
Information displayed
pvs
Physical volumes contributing disk capacity
vgs
Volume groups and their available space
lvs
Logical volumes and their current sizes
Confirm that the volume group system contains the logical volume log.
Step 5: Verify the logical volume directly.
Execute:
sudo lvdisplay /dev/system/log
Inspect the logical volume name, volume group, current size, logical extent allocation and status.
The logical volume must belong to:
system
And its name must be:
log
You can also execute:
sudo lvs /dev/system/log
This provides a concise overview.
Step 6: Check available free capacity in the volume group.
Execute:
sudo vgs system
For specific fields:
sudo vgs -o vg_name,vg_size,vg_free,vg_extent_size system
The VFree value must be sufficient to allocate the requested extension.
LVM allocates storage in units called physical extents. Consequently, an extension requested as 0.2G may be rounded to an appropriate extent boundary.
Do not add a new disk or create another volume group. The question requires using available capacity from the existing volume group system.
Step 7: Confirm the filesystem type before resizing.
Execute:
findmnt -no FSTYPE --mountpoint /var/log
The filesystem type determines which utility must be used to expand it.
Filesystem
Online expansion command
ext4
resize2fs /dev/system/log
XFS
xfs_growfs /var/log
The commands demonstrated for this task use resize2fs, which is appropriate for ext4.
Important: Do not run resize2fs against XFS or xfs_growfs against ext4.
Step 8: Check the size of the logical volume before modification.
Execute:
sudo lvs -o lv_name,vg_name,lv_size --units m /dev/system/log
This displays the current logical volume capacity in MiB.
For example, the original volume might have a size of 96 MiB. That is an illustrative starting point; use the actual value reported by the server.
You should record the initial capacity to verify the increase afterward.
Step 9: Extend the logical volume by 0.2 GB.
Execute:
sudo lvextend -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
This is the principal LVM expansion command.
sudo executes the command with administrative privileges.
lvextend increases the capacity of an existing logical volume.
-L specifies the capacity adjustment.
+0.2G requests an additional 0.2 GiB, subject to LVM's extent allocation.
/dev/system/log is the existing logical volume.
The plus sign is essential.
Compare:
sudo lvextend -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
with:
sudo lvextend -L 0.2G /dev/system/log
The first command adds capacity to the existing logical volume.
The second requests an absolute resulting size of 0.2 GiB, which would not correctly implement the task's requirement.
The official LVM documentation confirms that + makes the size relative to the current logical volume capacity.
Linux manual page
Step 10: Understand the effect of LVM extent allocation.
LVM allocates logical volume storage in physical extents.
For example, if the existing volume was 96 MiB and the requested increase was 0.2 GiB:
0.2
×
1024
=
204.8
MiB
0.2×1024=204.8 MiB
If the volume group uses 4 MiB physical extents, LVM may round the increase upward to 208 MiB.
The resulting size would then be:
96
+
208
=
304
MiB
96+208=304 MiB
This illustrates why the final capacity may differ slightly from the mathematical increase.
Such rounding is normal and does not indicate that LVM incorrectly extended the volume.
Step 11: Verify that the logical volume extension succeeded.
After the command completes, execute:
sudo lvs /dev/system/log
For more detailed output:
sudo lvdisplay /dev/system/log
Confirm that the logical volume has increased by the requested approximate capacity.
Also verify that the volume group has allocated free extents to the extended logical volume:
sudo vgs system
Important: The block device may now have additional capacity, but the filesystem itself may still show its previous size.
This is expected when lvextend is run without its filesystem-resizing option.
Step 12: Extend the ext4 filesystem without unmounting.
For the ext4 filesystem, execute:
sudo resize2fs /dev/system/log
This is the second essential command.
resize2fs expands or resizes ext2, ext3 and ext4 filesystems.
/dev/system/log specifies the logical volume containing the filesystem.
No explicit size is given, so resize2fs expands the filesystem to occupy the available device capacity.
On a supported modern Linux kernel, ext4 supports online expansion while mounted.
The official resize2fs(8) manual explicitly confirms that mounted ext4 filesystems can be expanded online.
Linux manual page
Step 13: Examine the filesystem expansion output.
An illustrative successful output might be:
resize2fs 1.46.5
Filesystem at /dev/system/log is mounted on /var/log; on-line resizing required The filesystem on /dev/system/log is now 77824 (4k) blocks long.
The version, block count and other details will vary.
The critical points are that online resizing is performed and the command completes successfully.
Immediately check the command's exit status:
echo $?
Expected:
0
If resize2fs reports an error, diagnose it rather than running lvextend again. The logical volume may already have been extended successfully, and a second lvextend would request additional capacity beyond the task's requirement.
Step 14: Verify the new filesystem capacity.
Execute:
df -hT /var/log
The filesystem's total size should now reflect the extended logical volume.
To inspect the size using MiB units:
df -BM /var/log
Compare the result against the initial measurement taken before performing the extension.
There may be a small difference between logical volume capacity and usable filesystem space because the filesystem maintains its own metadata and reserved structures.
Step 15: Verify that /var/log remains mounted.
Execute:
findmnt --mountpoint /var/log
The command should identify the same filesystem mounted at:
/var/log
You can also execute:
mount | grep ' on /var/log '
The task states:
Without unmounting the LVM-backed filesystem mounted at /var/log
Therefore, do not execute:
sudo umount /var/log
Unnecessary unmounting could interrupt running services and would violate the task.
Step 16: Verify the filesystem remains accessible.
Execute:
ls -ld /var/log
Then:
sudo ls -la /var/log
Confirm that the directory and its existing log files remain accessible.
There is no requirement to delete logs, format the filesystem, or recreate the mount.
Do not execute commands such as:
sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/system/log
That command creates a new filesystem and would risk destroying existing data.
The task requires expanding the current filesystem, not recreating it.
Step 17: Alternative method using automatic filesystem expansion.
LVM also provides the option:
sudo lvextend -r -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
The -r or --resizefs option requests that the filesystem be resized along with the logical volume.
This can simplify the procedure when the installed LVM filesystem tooling supports the mounted filesystem's online expansion.
The official LVM documentation describes --resizefs as resizing the underlying filesystem together with the logical volume.
Linux manual page
However, do not execute this alternative after already running the two-command solution. Doing so would request another 0.2 GiB increase.
For this question, the explicit two-command procedure is preferable because each stage can be inspected separately:
sudo lvextend -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
sudo resize2fs /dev/system/log
Step 18: Confirm that no unnecessary storage changes were made.
The task does not require:
Creating a new logical volume.
Adding a physical disk.
Creating another volume group.
Modifying unrelated logical volumes.
Unmounting /var/log.
Reformatting the filesystem.
Rebooting the server.
Avoid commands such as:
sudo lvcreate
sudo vgcreate
sudo mkfs.ext4
sudo umount /var/log
These operations are not needed for the requested online expansion.
Step 19: Perform final verification.
Execute:
sudo lvs /dev/system/log
df -hT /var/log
findmnt --mountpoint /var/log
The completed task must satisfy the following:
Requirement
Expected result
Correct host
lfcs00093
Volume group
system
Logical volume
log
Mountpoint
/var/log
Requested increase
Approximately 0.2 GiB
Logical volume extended
Yes
Filesystem expanded
Yes
Filesystem unmounted
No
Existing data preserved
Yes
Filesystem accessible
Yes
Final Solution
The essential command sequence for the ext4 filesystem is:
# Connect to the designated server
ssh lfcs00093
# Verify the filesystem mount
findmnt --mountpoint /var/log
# Record the current filesystem size
df -hT /var/log
# Inspect the volume group and logical volume
sudo vgs system
sudo lvs /dev/system/log
# Confirm the filesystem is ext4
findmnt -no FSTYPE --mountpoint /var/log
# Extend the logical volume by 0.2G
sudo lvextend -L +0.2G /dev/system/log
# Expand the ext4 filesystem online
sudo resize2fs /dev/system/log
# Verify the new logical volume size
sudo lvs /dev/system/log
# Verify filesystem expansion
df -hT /var/log
# Confirm the filesystem remains mounted
findmnt --mountpoint /var/log
Technical Verification and References
The solution has been checked against the relevant official Linux storage manuals:
LVM lvextend(8)
- Documents relative logical volume expansion using the + prefix and the optional filesystem-resizing feature.
Linux resize2fs(8)
- Documents online ext4 filesystem expansion.
Linux xfs_growfs(8)
- Documents the corresponding online expansion utility for XFS.
Video review: The demonstrated procedure uses lvextend to increase the logical volume and resize2fs to grow the filesystem. That is the correct operational sequence for a mounted ext4 filesystem. The commands should be considered successfully verified on the target host only after their exit statuses, updated capacity and mounted state are checked.
Expected result: The existing LVM-backed filesystem at /var/log has approximately 0.2 GiB of additional capacity allocated from the system volume group. The filesystem is expanded online and remains mounted and accessible throughout the operation.
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NEW QUESTION # 149
SIMULATION
Which directory holds the files that configure the xinetd service when using several configuration files instead of an integrated configuration file? (Specify the full path to the directory.)
Answer:
Explanation:
/etc/xinetd.d/ -or- /etc/xinetd.d
NEW QUESTION # 150
The output of the program date should be saved in the variable actdat. What is the correct statement?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 151
Which variable defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands?
Answer: E
NEW QUESTION # 152
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