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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Carrier-Grade Network Technologies | - SR/SRv6 architecture principles - MPLS fundamentals and VPN technologies |
| Topic 2: Routing and Switching Technologies | - BGP protocol and policy control - OSPF, IS-IS protocol principles and configuration |
| Topic 3: Network Services and Optimization | - QoS mechanisms and traffic engineering - High availability and redundancy design |
| Topic 4: Network Operation and Troubleshooting | - Network performance monitoring and optimization - Fault diagnosis methodologies |
| Topic 5: IP Network Fundamentals | - IPv4/IPv6 addressing and forwarding principles - Network protocol fundamentals (TCP/IP model, routing basics) |
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NEW QUESTION # 23
In the telco cloud network shown, the underlay uses IS-IS, the overlay uses EVPN to establish VXLAN tunnels, and the service layer uses BGP to advertise service routes. To ensure normal service-layer route advertisement, a static route to the VNF loopback interface is configured on the leaf node and imported into a routing protocol. In the recommended telco cloud network solution, what is the next hop of the route learned by the DC GW?
Exhibit 17.1 - Original topology/configuration figure
Answer: B
Explanation:
Huawei Reference Verification:
Huawei's telco-cloud architecture combines IS-IS underlay reachability, EVPN VXLAN overlay transport, and BGP service-route advertisement. A leaf providing L2/L3 gateway functionality imports a static VNF loopback route and advertises its reachability through the relevant overlay/IP-prefix mechanism. The DC GW resolves the learned service destination using the advertising leaf's VTEP/loopback address as the transport next hop. The VNF's loopback is the service destination, not the underlay transport next hop; the spine is transit infrastructure. Therefore the expected next hop is the leaf node's loopback.
Technical Deep Dive:
C is correct. IS-IS advertises infrastructure addresses, including VTEP loopbacks, across the spine-leaf underlay. BGP EVPN distributes overlay reachability, and service BGP propagates VNF-related prefixes. The leaf has a static route to a VNF loopback and imports it into its routing control plane. The leaf advertises the prefix to the DC GW using an EVPN IP-prefix route or the applicable service-layer advertisement. The receiving DC GW resolves this route through the leaf's loopback/VTEP, which in turn resolves through IS-IS and the VXLAN transport path. Spine devices are transit next hops for the underlay, not the BGP service- route endpoint. The VNF loopback identifies what traffic is intended to reach; it does not provide the transport tunnel endpoint. On supported forwarding hardware, route recursion, encapsulation and ECMP transport selection are implemented using installed next-hop groups.
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NEW QUESTION # 24
As illustrated, L3VPN services are transported over an SRv6 TE Policy, with SRv6 enabled through IS-IS extensions. The network has deployed the following protection technologies, but fast fault detection has not been configured. Under normal conditions, traffic on the upper plane follows CE1 # PE1 # P1 # PE2 # CE2. If PE2 fails, which technology preferentially provides protection?
Exhibit 59.1 - Original topology/configuration figure
Answer: D
Explanation:
Huawei Reference Verification:
Huawei SRv6 TE Policy protection distinguishes failures of midpoint transit nodes from failure of an egress PE serving a customer VPN. Egress protection prepares an alternate egress PE capable of executing the relevant VPN forwarding service when the primary egress fails. The depicted normal path terminates at PE2, while PE4 provides redundant reachability to CE2. Midpoint repair would not by itself replace the unavailable service endpoint. Therefore egress protection is the intended mechanism when PE2 fails, regardless of whether BFD has been configured for fast detection.
Technical Deep Dive:
B is correct. Under normal operation L3VPN traffic traverses CE1 - > PE1 - > P1 - > PE2 - > CE2. PE2 is the service egress. Failure of PE2 removes the endpoint that performs the final SID behavior and VPN delivery.
Egress protection allows the repair point to redirect packets toward a backup PE such as PE4 that has suitable service forwarding information and reachability to CE2. Midpoint protection addresses transit failures rather than loss of the VPN endpoint. SRv6 TE hot standby changes segment lists or candidate paths, but alone does not necessarily provide a functioning alternate service egress. BFD would normally improve detection and switching time; without it, interface state or IGP/other fault indications can still identify a failure, with potentially slower reaction. The protection architecture must provide backup egress service state and suitable routing information to deliver the customer packet correctly.
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NEW QUESTION # 25
Assume Flex-Algo is configured on a device and a tunnel policy is set for the device to preferentially select a Flex-Algo-based SR-MPLS BE tunnel. Under which of the following conditions would a VPN route recurse to the Flex-Algo-based SR-MPLS BE tunnel?
Select all that apply.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Huawei Reference Verification:
Huawei uses a BGP Color Extended Community to associate service routes with transport characteristics and a BGP next-hop address to identify the transport destination. A tunnel policy can prefer SR-MPLS Best Effort tunnels calculated using Flex-Algo. The service route's color identifies the desired algorithm or constrained transport slice, and the next hop identifies the endpoint that the tunnel must reach. The Flex-Algo algorithm ID defines how the routing topology is calculated, while link affinity influences eligible links within that algorithm. Color and BGP next hop are the route-level recursion matching information; accordingly B and C are correct.
Technical Deep Dive:
B and C are correct. A Flex-Algo definition builds a separate constrained SPF topology using algorithm- specific attributes such as metrics and administrative group restrictions. Tunnel policies can map service colors to appropriate Flex-Algo paths. When a VPN route arrives, its BGP Color Extended Community describes the desired transport behavior, and its next-hop address identifies the remote PE or tunnel endpoint.
The device matches that pair against eligible tunnels and installs the resulting forwarding recursion. Affinity (A) can control which physical links participate in the algorithm-specific topology, but is not the route's direct matching attribute. Algorithm ID (D) identifies the computation algorithm rather than independently defining the BGP route recursion key. After resolution, forwarding NP/ASIC hardware applies the programmed SR- MPLS labels and next-hop group. This separation allows a carrier to provide differentiated transport characteristics without manually defining an explicit LSP for every VPN route.
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NEW QUESTION # 26
During path computation, when multiple paths have the same metric, CSPF chooses one using tie-breaking policies. Which of the following is not an available tie-breaking policy?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Huawei Reference Verification:
Huawei MPLS TE documentation describes three CSPF tie-breaking selections for candidate paths having equal applicable metrics: most-fill, least-fill, and random. The fill-based strategies compare utilized versus reservable link bandwidth, while random selection chooses among equivalent candidate paths without using the utilization ratio. A ratio comparing the cost of an individual link with the cumulative cost of the entire path is not a defined CSPF tie-breaking policy. Therefore C is the unsupported choice.
Technical Deep Dive:
C is correct. CSPF first prunes paths that violate configured TE constraints, such as bandwidth reservation and affinity, and then computes shortest eligible paths. When multiple paths have equal cost, the tie-breaking policy selects among them. Huawei's supported modes include `most-fill`, `least-fill`, and `random`. The most- fill and least-fill mechanisms use relevant bandwidth utilization proportions; random allows non-deterministic selection among equal candidates. Option C introduces a ratio of individual-link cost to total path cost, which is not a tie-breaking option. Link metrics have already informed the primary shortest-path calculation. A representative configuration is `mpls`, followed by `mpls te tie-breaking least-fill` in the applicable view; syntax and semantics should be checked for the software version. Understanding the boundary between constraint filtering, SPF metric computation, and equal-cost tie-breaking prevents confusion in path- engineering questions.
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NEW QUESTION # 27
In an SDN network, device control planes are deployed centrally. If a node or link in the SDN network fails, which of the following is the optimal protection method?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Exact Extract - Huawei Training Material (Automatic SDN Network O & M, p.22):
"Automatic service recovery: Based on service SLA requirements, NCE recalculates a service path based on SRv6, isolates the faulty node, and automatically restores the faulty service." Huawei Reference Verification:
Huawei's Automatic SDN O & M curriculum describes centralized path computation and controller-driven restoration after faults. For millisecond-level protection, the better design is to compute and install backup FRR forwarding state in advance. A failed link or node can then trigger immediate local switching to the alternate entry on the forwarder, avoiding the delay of reporting the fault, waiting for a controller decision and receiving new entries. Controller recalculation remains useful for later optimization and restoration. Therefore an SDN controller delivering FRR routes ahead of failure is the optimal choice.
Technical Deep Dive:
D is correct. The controller has a global topology view and can calculate primary and backup transport paths based on bandwidth, policy and service SLA. Rather than waiting for a fault before computing everything, it distributes the required FRR backup entries proactively. Upon link-down or BFD notification, the router's forwarding subsystem switches to the preinstalled alternate next hop or tunnel, minimizing customer interruption. Recomputing routes after failure through the controller introduces detection, signaling, calculation and programming delay. Forwarders can compute local routing in distributed architectures, but the question specifies centralized control and asks for the optimal immediate protection. IP FRR, TI-LFA, SR-TE backup paths and VPN FRR are examples of underlying forwarding protections. Supported Huawei NP/ASIC hardware performs fast local switching once the backup forwarding state is installed. Controller-based path optimization can then restore the desired long-term service state.
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NEW QUESTION # 28
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