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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| IEEE 802.11 Regulations and Standards | 15% | - Regulatory Bodies and Domains
|
| IEEE 802.11 Network Security | 15% | - Security Basics
|
| IEEE 802.11 Network Operations | 15% | - Troubleshooting
|
| IEEE 802.11 Protocols and Devices | 20% | - WLAN Architecture
|
| IEEE 802.11 Network Implementation | 20% | - Site Survey and Design
|
| Radio Frequency (RF) Technologies | 15% | - Antenna Concepts
|
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146. Frage
What technology allows an access point to use multiple antennas to transmit and receive multiple spatial streams simultaneously, increasing throughput and reliability by taking advantage of multipath?
Antwort: B
Begründung:
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to send and receive multiple spatial streams of data simultaneously over the same channel. MIMO takes advantage of multipath propagation rather than being hindered by it, using techniques such as spatial multiplexing to increase throughput, and Maximal Ratio Combining along with Transmit Beamforming to improve reliability. MIMO was introduced with 802.11n and remains a core component of 802.11ac and 802.11ax.
147. Frage
You are the network administrator for ABC Company. Your manager has recently attended a wireless security seminar. The seminar speaker taught that a wireless network could be hidden from potential intruders if you disabled the broadcasting of the SSID in Beacons and configured the access points not to respond to Probe Request frames that have a null SSID field.
Your manager suggests implementing these security practices. What response should you give to this suggestion?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
The response that you should give to your manager's suggestion of implementing the security practices of disabling the broadcasting of the SSID in Beacons and configuring the access points not to respond to Probe Request frames that have a null SSID field is that any 802.11 protocol analyzer can see the SSID in clear text in frames other than Beacons frames. This negates any security benefit of trying to hide the SSID in Beacons and Probe Response frames. The SSID (Service Set Identifier) is a human-readable name that identifies a WLAN and allows users to connect to it. The SSID is transmitted in clear text in several types of 802.11 frames, such as Beacon frames, Probe Request frames, Probe Response frames, Association Request frames, Association Response frames, Reassociation Request frames, and Reassociation Response frames. Some people may think that hiding the SSID can improve the security of the WLAN by making it invisible to potential intruders. However, this is not true, as hiding the SSID only removes it from Beacon frames and Probe Response frames that have a null SSID field. The SSID is still present in other types of frames that can be easily captured and analyzed by any 802.11 protocol analyzer or wireless scanner tool. Therefore, hiding the SSID does not provide any real security benefit and may even cause some compatibility and performance issues for legitimate users. References: 1, Chapter 4, page 133; 2, Section 4.1
148. Frage
When considering data rates available in HT and VHT PHY devices, in addition to the modulation, coding, channel width, and spatial streams, what impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
The guard interval is a short period of time inserted between the symbols of an OFDM signal to prevent inter- symbol interference and improve the robustness of the transmission1. The guard interval can have different values depending on the 802.11 standard and the configuration of the device. For example, 802.11n supports two guard intervals: 800 ns (normal) and 400 ns (short)2. 802.11ac supports the same guard intervals as
802.11n, plus an optional 200 ns guard interval for 80 MHz and 160 MHz channels3. 802.11ax supports three guard intervals: 800 ns, 1600 ns, and 3200 ns4.
The guard interval affects the data rate because it determines the duration of each symbol. A shorter guard interval means more symbols can be transmitted in a given time, resulting in a higher data rate. However, a shorter guard interval also means less protection against inter-symbol interference, which may degrade the signal quality and increase the error rate. Therefore, there is a trade-off between data rate and reliability when choosing the guard interval.
The MCS tables for HT and VHT PHY devices show the data rates for different combinations of modulation, coding, channel width, spatial streams, and guard intervals. For example, for a VHT device using MCS 9 with QAM-256 modulation, 5/6 coding rate, 80 MHz channel width, and one spatial stream, the data rate is 433.3 Mbps with a normal guard interval (800 ns) and 486.7 Mbps with a short guard interval (400 ns)2. Therefore, the guard interval impacts the data rate according to the MCS tables.
149. Frage
You are using a site survey tool for post-implementation validation. You have installed the appropriate adapter driver and imported a floor plan. Now, you want to take the next step in proper tool use. What must you do before gathering survey data after the floor plan is imported?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
Calibrating the floor plan is what you must do before gathering survey data after the floor plan is imported when using a site survey tool for post-implementation validation. A site survey tool is a software application that can run on a laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other device that has a Wi-Fi adapter and a GPS receiver. A site survey tool can scan the wireless environment and collect information about the detected access points and client stations, such as their SSID, BSSID, channel, signal strength, security, and data rate. A site survey tool can also measure and display various metrics of network performance, such as throughput, jitter, packet loss, delay, and SNR. A site survey tool can also use a floor plan to visualize the wirelesscoverage and quality in different locations on a map. A floor plan is an image file that shows the layout and dimensions of a building or an area where the WLAN is deployed. A floor plan can be imported from various sources, such as a CAD file, a PDF file, an image file, or a Google Maps screenshot. After importing a floor plan into a site survey tool, it is necessary to calibrate the floor plan before gathering survey data. Calibrating the floor plan means adjusting the scale and orientation of the floor plan to match the actual size and direction of the area.
Calibrating the floor plan can be done by using a reference point or a reference line that has a known distance or angle in the real world. Calibrating the floor plan ensures that the survey data is accurate and consistent with the physical environment. References: 1, Chapter 7, page 290; 2, Section 4.3
150. Frage
A wireless network is deployed using access points that operate independently, with each AP individually configured and managed without a central controller. What type of architecture is this?
Antwort: D
Begründung:
An autonomous WLAN architecture consists of access points that operate independently of one another, with each AP handling its own management, control, and data-forwarding functions.
Each autonomous AP must be individually configured, either through a local management interface or a provisioning tool. This architecture contrasts with controller-based and split-MAC architectures, where a centralized WLAN controller manages configuration, RF settings, roaming, and security policy across many APs simultaneously.
151. Frage
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