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NEW QUESTION # 49
SSL/TLS encryption capability is provided by:
Answer: C
Explanation:
SSL and its successor TLS are cryptographic protocols designed to provide secure communications over untrusted networks. The encryption capability comes from the TLS protocol suite, which defines how two endpoints negotiate security settings, authenticate, exchange keys, and protect data as it travels between them. During the TLS handshake, the endpoints agree on a cipher suite, establish shared session keys using secure key exchange methods, and then use symmetric encryption and integrity checks to protect application data against eavesdropping and tampering. Because TLS specifies these mechanisms and the sequence of steps, it is accurate to say that encryption capability is provided by protocols.
Certificates are important but they are not the encryption mechanism itself. Digital certificates primarily support authentication and trust by binding a public key to an identity and enabling verification through a trusted certificate authority chain. Certificates help prevent impersonation and man-in-the-middle attacks by allowing clients to validate the server's identity, and in mutual TLS they can validate both parties. However, certificates alone do not define how encryption is negotiated or applied; TLS does.
Passwords are unrelated to transport encryption; they are an authentication secret and do not provide session encryption for network traffic. "Controls" is too general: SSL/TLS is indeed a security control, but the question asks specifically what provides the encryption capability. That capability is implemented and standardized by the SSL/TLS protocols, which orchestrate key establishment and encrypted communication.
NEW QUESTION # 50
Which of the following should be addressed by functional security requirements?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Functional security requirements define what security capabilities a system must provide to protect information and enforce policy. They describe required security functions such as identification and authentication, authorization, role-based access control, privilege management, session handling, auditing/logging, segregation of duties, and account lifecycle processes. Because of this, user privileges are a direct and core concern of functional security requirements: the system must support controlling who can access what, under which conditions, and with what level of permission.
In cybersecurity requirement documentation, "privileges" include permission assignment (roles, groups, entitlements), enforcement of least privilege, privileged access restrictions, elevation workflows, administrative boundaries, and the ability to review and revoke permissions. These are functional because they require specific system behaviors and features-for example, the ability to define roles, prevent unauthorized actions, log privileged activities, and enforce timeouts or re-authentication for sensitive operations.
The other options are typically classified differently. System reliability and performance/stability are generally non-functional requirements (quality attributes) describing service levels, resilience, and operational characteristics rather than security functions. Identified vulnerabilities are findings from assessments that drive remediation work and risk treatment; they inform security improvements but are not themselves functional requirements. Therefore, the option best aligned with functional security requirements is user privileges.
NEW QUESTION # 51
How is a risk score calculated?
Answer: D
Explanation:
A risk score is commonly calculated by combining two core factors: how likely a risk scenario is to occur and how severe the consequences would be if it did occur. This is often described in cybersecurity risk documentation as likelihood times impact, or as a structured mapping using a risk matrix. Probability or likelihood reflects the chance that a threat event will exploit a vulnerability under current conditions. It may consider elements such as threat activity, exposure, ease of exploitation, control strength, and historical incident patterns. Impact reflects the magnitude of harm to the organization, usually measured across business disruption, financial loss, legal or regulatory exposure, reputational damage, and harm to confidentiality, integrity, or availability.
While confidentiality, integrity, and availability are essential for understanding what matters and can influence impact ratings, they are typically inputs into impact determination rather than the full scoring method by themselves. Past experience and expert threat assessment can inform likelihood estimates, but they are not the standard calculation model on their own. The key concept is that risk must reflect both chance and consequence; a highly impactful event with very low likelihood may be scored similarly to a moderate impact event with high likelihood depending on the organization's methodology.
Therefore, the most accurate description of how a risk score is calculated is the combination of probability and impact, enabling prioritization and consistent risk treatment decisions.
NEW QUESTION # 52
Where business process diagrams can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution processes, what tool can be used to identify vulnerabilities within solution technology?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Business process diagrams help analysts spot weaknesses in workflows, approvals, handoffs, and segregation of duties, but they do not directly test the technical security of the underlying applications, infrastructure, or configurations. To identify vulnerabilities within solution technology, cybersecurity practice uses penetration testing, which is a controlled, authorized simulation of real-world attacks against systems. A penetration test examines how a solution behaves under adversarial conditions and validates whether security controls actually prevent exploitation, not just whether they are designed on paper.
Penetration testing typically includes reconnaissance, enumeration, and attempts to exploit weaknesses in areas such as authentication, session management, access control, input handling, APIs, encryption usage, misconfigurations, and exposed services. Results provide evidence-based findings, including exploit paths, impact, affected components, and recommended remediations. This makes penetration testing especially valuable before go-live, after major changes, and periodically for high-risk systems to confirm the security posture remains acceptable.
The other options do not fit the objective. A security patch is a remediation action taken after vulnerabilities are known, not a method for discovering them. A smoke test is a basic functional check to confirm the system builds and runs; it is not a security assessment. Vulnerability-as-a-Service is a delivery model that may include scanning or testing, but the recognized tool or technique for identifying vulnerabilities in the technology itself in this context is a penetration test, which directly evaluates exploitability and real security impact.
NEW QUESTION # 53
What risk to information integrity is a Business Analyst aiming to minimize, by defining processes and procedures that describe interrelations between data sets in a data warehouse implementation?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In a data warehouse, information from multiple operational sources is consolidated, transformed, and related through keys, joins, and business rules. When a Business Analyst defines processes and procedures that describe how data sets interrelate, they are primarily controlling the risk created by data aggregation. Aggregation risk arises when combining multiple datasets produces a new, richer dataset that can change the meaning, sensitivity, or trustworthiness of the information. If relationships and transformation rules are poorly defined or inconsistently applied, the warehouse can generate misleading analytics, incorrect roll-ups, duplicated records, or invalid correlations-directly harming information integrity because decisions are made on inaccurate or improperly combined data.
Well-defined interrelation procedures specify authoritative sources, master data rules, key management, referential integrity expectations, transformation and reconciliation steps, and data lineage. These controls help ensure the warehouse preserves correctness when data is integrated across systems with different formats, definitions, and update cycles. They also support governance by enabling validation checks (for example, balancing totals to source systems, exception handling, and data-quality thresholds) and by making it clear which dataset should be trusted for specific attributes.
Unauthorized access and confidentiality are important warehouse risks, but they are addressed mainly through access controls and encryption. Cross-site scripting is a web application vulnerability and is not the core issue in describing dataset relationships. Therefore, the correct answer is Data Aggregation.
NEW QUESTION # 54
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