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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Input Data Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Validation of data pipelines and preprocessing - Data quality attributes - Label verification and ground truth assessment - Testing for bias, representativeness, and completeness |
| Machine Learning Development Testing | 10% | - Regression testing for retrained models - Testing MLOps and deployment pipelines - Testing ML development workflows |
| Test Levels and Machine Learning Systems | 15% | - Unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing for ML - Testing across ML lifecycle stages - Test strategies for AI projects |
| Test Approaches and Techniques for AI Systems | 10% | - A/B testing and back-to-back testing - Test environment and tool considerations - Risk-based testing - Exploratory testing and red teaming |
| Introduction to Testing AI-Based Systems | 10% | - Characteristics of AI and ML systems - Challenges in testing AI-based systems - AI-specific quality characteristics |
| Testing Generative AI and Large Language Models | 15% | - Evaluation of generative AI outputs - Generative AI fundamentals - Specific risks and test approaches for LLMs |
| Model Testing for Machine Learning Systems | 20% | - Drift detection and monitoring - Model performance and accuracy testing - Adversarial and robustness testing - Explainability and transparency testing - Metamorphic and statistical testing |
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NEW QUESTION # 62
An ML engineer performing supervised learning needs to label images of football games based on the location of the football in the image. Which ONE of the below labelling approaches can be used?
Answer: D
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Annotation . The CT-AI syllabus explains that data labelling enriches unlabeled or poorly labelled data by adding labels so that it becomes suitable for supervised learning. For image-based supervised learning, the syllabus specifically describes labelling objects in images by drawing rectangles around them as a common labelling technique, known as annotation . It also notes that more complex annotation may be required for 3D objects or irregular bounding boxes, and that data labelling and annotation are typically supported by tools.
This directly matches the football-game scenario: the ML engineer must identify the location of the football in each image, which requires object localization rather than merely assigning the whole image to a class.
Option A, "internal," describes who performs labelling within an organization, not the image-labelling technique itself. Option C, augmentation, creates additional data points from an existing dataset, such as transformed images, but it does not identify the football's location. Option D, benchmarking, is unrelated to labelling and is used for comparative evaluation.
References/topics: CT-AI Syllabus Chapter 4, Section 4.5 "Data Labelling for Supervised Learning"; Appendix B "Annotation."
NEW QUESTION # 63
The stakeholders of a machine learning model have confirmed that they understand the objective and purpose of the model, and ensured that the proposed model aligns with their business priorities. They have also selected a framework and a machine learning model that they will be using.
What should be the next step to progress along the machine learning workflow?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Themachine learning (ML) workflowfollows a structured sequence of steps. Once stakeholders have agreed on theobjectives, business priorities, and the framework/model selection, the next logical step is to prepare and pre-process the databefore training the model.
* Data Preparationis crucial becausemachine learning models rely heavily on the quality of input data. Poor data can result in biased, inaccurate, or unreliable models.
* The process involvesdata acquisition, cleaning, transformation, augmentation, and feature engineering.
* Preparing the dataensures it is in the right format, free from errors, and representative of the problem domain, leading to better generalization in training.
* A (Tune the ML Algorithm):Hyperparameter tuning occursafter the model has been trainedand evaluated.
* C (Agree on Acceptance Criteria):Acceptance criteria should already have been defined in theinitial objective-setting phasebefore framework and model selection.
* D (Evaluate the Framework and Model):The selection of the framework and ML model has already been completed. The next step isdata preparation, not reevaluation.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 3.2: ML Workflow - Data Preparation Phase)
* "Data preparation comprises data acquisition, pre-processing, and feature engineering.
Exploratory data analysis (EDA) may be performed alongside these activities".
* "The data used to train, tune, and test the model must be representative of the operational data that will be used by the model".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since the model selection is complete, thenext step in the ML workflow is to prepare and pre-process the datato ensure it is ready for training and testing. Thus, thecorrect answer is B.
NEW QUESTION # 64
ln the near future, technology will have evolved, and Al will be able to learn multiple tasks by itself without needing to be retrained, allowing it to operate even in new environments. The cognitive abilities of Al are similar to a child of 1-2 years.
In the above quote, which ONE of the following options is the correct name of this type of Al?
Answer: B
Explanation:
General AI, or strong AI, has the ability to understand, learn, and apply knowledge across a wide range of tasks, similar to human cognitive abilities. It aligns with the description of AI that can learn multiple tasks and operate in new environments without needing retraining.
NEW QUESTION # 65
Which ONE of the below statements BEST describes how combinatorial testing can be applied to AI-based systems?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Combinatorial testing involves testing different combinations of input parameters to ensure coverage of various interactions. In the case of AI-based systems, inputs to the system (such as data features) and environment factors (like conditions under which the system operates) can be considered parameters for pairwise tests. This ensures that different combinations of inputs and environmental factors are tested for their effect on the system's behavior.
NEW QUESTION # 66
A data scientist is performing unsupervised learning on a set of financial records relating to previous loan applications, and trying to predict defaults on future loans. They are reporting poor functional performance because of data issues.
Which ONE of the below is LEAST likely to be a contributory factor?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Irrelevant data included in the account records is less likely to contribute to poor functional performance in unsupervised learning, especially compared to missing records, missing key data (such as whether loans were granted or repaid), or inconsistent pre-processing. While irrelevant data can affect the quality of the model, missing or inconsistent data typically has a more direct negative impact on unsupervised learning models.
NEW QUESTION # 67
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