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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Treatment and Transport | 20–24% | - Communication with receiving facilities - Medication administration and protocols - Patient packaging and transport procedures - Medical and trauma care interventions |
| EMS Operations | 10–14% | - Documentation and legal aspects - Emergency vehicle operations and safety - Incident command and multiple-casualty situations - EMS system roles and responsibilities |
| Scene Size-Up and Safety | 15–19% | - Hazard recognition and management - Scene assessment and safety protocols - Mechanism of injury / nature of illness |
| Primary Assessment | 39–43% | - Identification and management of life-threatening conditions - Initial patient assessment - Airway, breathing, and circulation management - General patient impression and priority determination |
| Secondary Assessment | 5–9% | - Focused history and physical exam - Symptom assessment and history taking - Vital signs and monitoring |
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NEW QUESTION # 109
A 69-year-old patient has worsening respiratory symptoms secondary to congestive heart failure. Which of the following actions are proper techniques for auscultating the patient ' s lung sounds? Select the three answer options that are correct.
Answer: B,C,E
Explanation:
The correct answers are A, B, and C . Proper lung auscultation technique includes listening to at least one full respiratory cycle at each location and placing the stethoscope on bare skin rather than over clothing.
Authoritative respiratory examination guidance also emphasizes comparing both sides systematically. ( PMC ) For a patient with congestive heart failure , it is appropriate to auscultate the bilateral lung bases first because CHF commonly produces bilateral basal crackles from pulmonary edema, often most noticeable at the posterior bases. ( NCBI )
NEW QUESTION # 110
A 68-year-old patient is anxious with shortness of breath and crackles in their basal lungs. The patient ' s skin is pale and clammy. The vital signs are BP 180/100, P 100, and R 22 and shallow. Which of the following positions would be the most appropriate for transport?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Fowler.
This patient is presenting with signs of acute pulmonary edema or congestive heart failure, including:
* Shortness of breath
* Crackles (fluid in the lungs)
* Hypertension
* Anxiety and pale, clammy skin
In such cases, the best position is upright (Fowler's position) to improve breathing.
Why B is correct:
* Fowler's position (sitting upright) helps maximize lung expansion.
* It reduces venous return to the heart, decreasing pulmonary congestion.
* It improves oxygenation and patient comfort in respiratory distress.
Why the other options are incorrect:
* A. Supine # Worsens breathing by increasing pressure on the lungs and fluid accumulation
* C. Semi-Fowler # Helpful, but not as effective as full Fowler's for severe respiratory distress
* D. Lateral recumbent # Used for unconscious patients or airway protection, not respiratory distress Exact Extracts:
* "Patients with respiratory distress should be placed in a sitting or Fowler's position if tolerated."
* "An upright position facilitates breathing and improves lung expansion."
* "Pulmonary edema patients benefit from being positioned upright to reduce fluid in the lungs." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Airway, Respiration & Ventilation
National EMS Education Standards - Respiratory Emergencies
NREMT Candidate Handbook - Patient Management
NEW QUESTION # 111
A 60-year-old patient has crushing, midsternal chest pain that began about 5 minutes ago with exercise. The patient has no prescription medications. The vital signs are BP 142/102 mmHg, P 90/min, R 16/min, and SpO# 95% on room air. What treatments should the EMT provide? Select the two answer options that are correct.
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
The correct answers are D. Aspirin administration and E. Attaching AED pads.
This patient is presenting with classic signs of acute coronary syndrome (ACS):
Crushing, midsternal chest pain
Onset with exertion
Age and risk profile
D). Aspirin administration is a priority intervention. Aspirin helps by inhibiting platelet aggregation and limiting clot formation in coronary arteries.
NREMT-aligned guidance states:
"Administer aspirin to patients with suspected cardiac chest pain."
E). Attaching AED pads is also correct because patients with suspected cardiac ischemia are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest. Continuous cardiac monitoring (via AED pads or monitor) allows for rapid defibrillation if needed.
NREMT material emphasizes early readiness for deterioration:
"Be prepared to manage sudden cardiac arrest in patients with chest pain." Why the other options are incorrect:
A). Sublingual nitroglycerin administration:EMTs may only assist with nitroglycerin if it is prescribed to the patient. This patient has no prescription medications, so nitroglycerin is contraindicated.
B). 12-lead acquisition and transmission:This is typically an ALS (paramedic-level) intervention, not standard EMT scope in NREMT context.
C). Applying supplemental oxygen:The patient's SpO# is 95% on room air, which does not indicate hypoxia.
NREMT guidelines recommend oxygen only if SpO# is low or patient is in respiratory distress.
NREMT guidance:
"Oxygen should be administered based on patient need, not routinely."
Exact Extracts:
"Administer aspirin to patients with suspected cardiac chest pain."
"Oxygen should be given only if the patient is hypoxic or shows signs of respiratory distress."
"Be prepared for cardiac arrest in patients with suspected myocardial infarction." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Cardiology / Acute Coronary Syndrome
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Cardiac Emergencies Standard EMT Text (aligned with NREMT): Cardiovascular Emergencies
NEW QUESTION # 112
What characteristics of the pediatric airway are different from the adult airway?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Compared to adults, pediatric patients have:
* A proportionately larger tongue, which increases the risk of airway obstruction
* A larger occiput, which causes natural neck flexion when lying supine, potentially occluding the airway This anatomical difference is why EMS providers often use a shoulder roll instead of a head tilt to maintain a neutral airway in infants and toddlers.
References:
NREMT Pediatric Airway Management Standards
AHA PALS Manual - Pediatric Anatomy and Airway Considerations
National EMS Education Standards - Pediatric Assessment and Airway Anatomy
NEW QUESTION # 113
Which of the following is an acute sign of closed head trauma?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is A. Memory loss.
Why A is correct (Memory loss):
Memory loss (amnesia) is a common and immediate (acute) sign of closed head injury, especially in concussions. It may include:
Retrograde amnesia (loss of memory before the event)
Anterograde amnesia (inability to form new memories)
NREMT-aligned trauma guidance states:
"Patients with head injuries may present with confusion or memory loss immediately after the event." This is considered an early indicator of brain injury.
Why the other options are incorrect:
B). Beck ' s Triad: Associated with cardiac tamponade (hypotension, JVD, muffled heart sounds), not head trauma.
C). Battle ' s sign: Bruising behind the ears indicating a basilar skull fracture, but this is typically a late sign, not acute.
D). Raccoon eyes: Periorbital ecchymosis also indicating a basilar skull fracture, and similarly a delayed finding, not immediate.
Key Concept:
Acute signs = occur immediately (e.g., confusion, memory loss, LOC)
Late signs = develop over time (e.g., Battle's sign, raccoon eyes)
Exact Extracts:
"Early signs of head injury include confusion, disorientation, and memory loss."
"Battle's sign and raccoon eyes are late signs of basilar skull fracture."
"Assessment should identify immediate neurologic changes following trauma." References:
NREMT EMT Education Standards - Trauma (Head and Brain Injuries)
NREMT National Continued Competency Program (NCCP) - Trauma Management
Prehospital Emergency Care (EMT) - Traumatic Brain Injury
NEW QUESTION # 114
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