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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cybersecurity Fundamentals | - Core Concepts - Terminology - Principles |
| Identity and Access Management | - Authentication - Authorization |
| Security Governance | - Risk Management - Compliance |
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NEW QUESTION # 26
If a threat is expected to have a serious adverse effect, according to NIST SP 800-30 it would be rated with a severity level of:
Answer: C
Explanation:
NIST SP 800-30 Rev. 1 defines qualitative risk severity levels using consistent impact language. In its assessment scale, "Moderate" is explicitly tied to events that can be expected to have a serious adverse effect on organizational operations, organizational assets, individuals, other organizations, or the Nation.
A "serious adverse effect" is described as outcomes such as a significant degradation in mission capability where the organization can still perform its primary functions but with significantly reduced effectiveness, significant damage to organizational assets, significant financial loss, or significant harm to individuals that does not involve loss of life or life-threatening injuries. This phrasing is used to distinguish "Moderate" from "Low" (limited adverse effect) and from "High" (severe or catastrophic adverse effect).
This classification matters in enterprise risk because it drives prioritization and control selection. A "Moderate" rating typically triggers stronger treatment actions than "Low," such as tighter access controls, enhanced monitoring, more frequent vulnerability remediation, stronger configuration management, and improved incident response readiness. It also helps leaders compare risks consistently across systems and business processes by anchoring severity to clear operational and harm-based criteria rather than subjective judgment.
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which of the following should be addressed by functional security requirements?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Functional security requirements define what security capabilities a system must provide to protect information and enforce policy. They describe required security functions such as identification and authentication, authorization, role-based access control, privilege management, session handling, auditing/logging, segregation of duties, and account lifecycle processes. Because of this, user privileges are a direct and core concern of functional security requirements: the system must support controlling who can access what, under which conditions, and with what level of permission.
In cybersecurity requirement documentation, "privileges" include permission assignment (roles, groups, entitlements), enforcement of least privilege, privileged access restrictions, elevation workflows, administrative boundaries, and the ability to review and revoke permissions. These are functional because they require specific system behaviors and features-for example, the ability to define roles, prevent unauthorized actions, log privileged activities, and enforce timeouts or re-authentication for sensitive operations.
The other options are typically classified differently. System reliability and performance/stability are generally non-functional requirements (quality attributes) describing service levels, resilience, and operational characteristics rather than security functions. Identified vulnerabilities are findings from assessments that drive remediation work and risk treatment; they inform security improvements but are not themselves functional requirements. Therefore, the option best aligned with functional security requirements is user privileges.
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is an external audit?
Answer: A
Explanation:
An external audit is an independent evaluation performed by a party outside the organization to determine whether security-related activities, controls, and evidence meet defined requirements. Those requirements are typically drawn from laws and regulations, contractual obligations, and recognized standards or control frameworks. The defining characteristics are independence and attestation: the auditor is not part of the operational team being assessed and provides an objective conclusion about compliance or control effectiveness.
Unlike a vulnerability-focused review (often called a security assessment or technical audit) that primarily seeks weaknesses to remediate, an external audit emphasizes whether controls are designed appropriately, implemented consistently, and operating effectively over time. External auditors usually test governance processes, risk management practices, policies, access control procedures, change management, logging and monitoring, incident response readiness, and evidence of periodic reviews. They also validate documentation and sampling records to confirm that what is written is actually performed.
Option B describes an internal assurance activity, such as self-assessment or internal audit preparation, where the security team checks its own implementation. Option C is closer to a financial or procurement review and is not the typical definition of an external security audit. Therefore, the best answer is the one that clearly captures an independent party reviewing security activities to ensure compliance with established criteria
NEW QUESTION # 29
What risk factors should the analyst consider when assessing the Overall Likelihood of a threat?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In NIST-style risk assessment, overall likelihood is not a single guess; it is derived by considering two related likelihood components. First is the likelihood that a threat event will be initiated. This reflects how probable it is that a threat actor or source will attempt the attack or that a threat event will occur, considering factors such as adversary capability, intent, targeting, opportunity, and environmental conditions. Second is the likelihood that an initiated event will succeed, meaning the attempt results in the adverse outcome. This depends heavily on the organization's existing protections and conditions, including control strength, system exposure, vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, detection and response capability, and user behavior.
Option A matches this structure: analysts evaluate both attack initiation likelihood and initiated attack success likelihood to reach an overall view of likelihood. A high initiation likelihood with low success likelihood might occur when an organization is frequently targeted but has strong defenses. Conversely, low initiation likelihood with high success likelihood might apply to niche systems that are rarely targeted but poorly protected.
The other options are incomplete or misplaced. Risk impact is a separate dimension from likelihood, and mitigation strategy is an output of risk treatment, not an input to likelihood. Site traffic and commerce volume can influence exposure but do not define likelihood by themselves. Past experience and trends are useful evidence, but they support estimating the two likelihood components rather than replacing them.
NEW QUESTION # 30
What is the definition of privileged account management?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Privileged account management refers to the governance and operational controls used to administer accounts that have elevated permissions beyond standard user access. Privileged accounts can change system configurations, create or modify users, access sensitive datasets, disable security tools, and administer core infrastructure such as servers, databases, directories, network devices, and cloud consoles. Because misuse of privileged access can quickly lead to large-scale compromise, cybersecurity frameworks treat privileged access as a high-risk area requiring stronger safeguards than normal accounts.
The definition in option A is correct because it captures the core purpose of privileged account management: establishing and maintaining access rights and controls specifically for roles that must perform administrative or support functions. In practice, this includes ensuring privileges are granted only when justified, scoped to the minimum necessary, and reviewed regularly. It also includes controls such as separation of duties, approval workflows, time-bound elevation, credential vaulting, rotation of privileged passwords and keys, multifactor authentication, and detailed logging of privileged sessions for monitoring and audit.
Option B is too broad because privileged account management is a specialized subset of identity and access management focused on elevated access. Option C is incorrect because privilege is defined by permissions, not job title. Option D describes an authentication concept, not the full management lifecycle of privileged access.
NEW QUESTION # 31
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