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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| BGP and External Networking | 6% | - BGP peering and service advertisement - External gateway integration |
| Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| Service Mesh | 16% | - Transparent traffic encryption - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
| Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery |
| Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics - Hubble architecture and CLI usage |
| Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) - Post-install validation and connectivity testing |
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NEW QUESTION # 13
Which component is embedded in the Cilium Agent and retrieves eBPF-based visibility from Cilium?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The Hubble Server is embedded in each Cilium agent and consumes the eBPF-derived visibility data produced on that node. It exposes gRPC services through which clients can retrieve flow events, node and namespace information, server status, and related observability data. Embedding the server in the agent enables high-performance collection with comparatively low overhead.
Hubble Relay has a different role. It is a standalone component that discovers and connects to the Hubble Server instances running across the cluster. Relay aggregates their individual APIs to provide multi-node or cluster-wide visibility to clients such as the Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. It is therefore not the component embedded in the agent.
The Cilium CNI plugin is invoked when Kubernetes creates or removes pods and asks the local agent to configure their networking and datapath. The Cilium Operator performs cluster-wide management duties such as selected IPAM and shared-state operations. Neither component is responsible for exposing eBPF flow visibility.
This server-relay distinction is central to understanding Hubble's distributed architecture: Server provides node-local visibility, while Relay combines multiple servers into a cluster-wide view.
Official references
Hubble Internals , Cilium Component Overview
Study Guide topic: Hubble Server, Hubble Relay, and distributed flow observability.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Among the definitions provided for the entities host, remote-node, cluster, and all, which description is accurate in the context of Cilium network policy?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The host entity represents the local node on which the selected Cilium endpoint resides. It also includes processes and containers using the local host network namespace. Therefore, A reproduces the official entity definition accurately.
The remote-node entity does not represent arbitrary unmanaged endpoints. It represents hosts other than the local node across the local cluster and connected clusters, including host-networked containers on those nodes. Unmanaged endpoints instead have the reserved unmanaged identity.
Option C gives the definition of the separate kube-apiserver entity, not cluster . The cluster entity is the logical collection of endpoints and reserved identities inside the local cluster, including Cilium-managed endpoints, unmanaged local endpoints, hosts, remote nodes, health, ingress, initialization, and kube-apiserver identities. Current documentation separately provides a cluster-mesh entity for endpoints in connected clusters.
Option D confuses all with world . world represents endpoints outside the cluster. all covers all identities and is not simply equivalent to the IPv4 CIDR 0.0.0.0/0 , particularly in identity-aware, node, and IPv6 contexts.
Official references
Cilium Layer 3 Policy Entities , Cilium Reserved Identities
Study Guide topic: Reserved entities and identity-based Layer 3 policies.
NEW QUESTION # 15
Which one of the following best describes the role Cilium provides in Kubernetes?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium functions as a Kubernetes Container Network Interface implementation. When Kubernetes creates or removes a pod sandbox, the container runtime invokes the configured CNI plugin. Cilium establishes the pod' s network connectivity, connects the workload to the node's networking environment, allocates or obtains an address through the configured IPAM mode, and coordinates the endpoint with the Cilium agent. Its eBPF datapath then supplies routing, service load balancing, policy enforcement, and network visibility.
Cilium provides substantially more functionality than the minimum CNI contract, but those additional capabilities do not change its primary Kubernetes networking role. Hubble supplies integrated network observability, yet Cilium is not merely a container-metrics monitor. Resource utilization such as CPU and memory is normally handled through Kubernetes metrics and monitoring systems.
Cilium is also not a Container Storage Interface. CSI drivers manage storage volumes, attachment, mounting, and lifecycle operations, which are unrelated to Cilium's primary responsibilities. Nor is Cilium simply a pod- operation logging mechanism. It can emit datapath events and diagnostic logs, but those are supporting capabilities.
Accordingly, D provides the correct architectural classification for Cilium in a Kubernetes cluster.
Official references
Introduction to Cilium and Hubble ; Cilium Helm Installation .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 16
When using Cilium with the kube-proxy replacement enabled, which underlying technology is effectively replaced with eBPF?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Kubernetes kube-proxy conventionally implements Service translation and load balancing through either iptables or IPVS. With Cilium's kube-proxy replacement enabled, eBPF programs and maps perform Kubernetes Service handling directly in the kernel, including ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalIP, and related service translation functions. C is therefore correct.
The replacement can operate at socket hooks and packet-processing hooks. Service and backend information is stored in eBPF maps, allowing the datapath to select backends and perform address translation without traversing the kube-proxy-generated iptables or IPVS rules normally used for Kubernetes Services.
BGP is not replaced. Cilium's BGP Control Plane is a separate feature used to advertise routes and service addresses to external routers. Routing itself is also not eliminated; Cilium can implement and accelerate routing decisions with eBPF, but packets still require a valid forwarding model. firewalld is a host firewall- management service and is not the underlying Kubernetes Service implementation replaced by kube-proxy replacement.
Relevant installations must satisfy the kernel and device requirements for Cilium's eBPF service load- balancer functionality.
Official references
Kubernetes Without kube-proxy
Study Guide topic: kube-proxy replacement, eBPF service maps, iptables, and IPVS.
NEW QUESTION # 17
What is true about Layer 7 protocol visibility in Cilium?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Layer 7 protocol visibility redirects traffic matching the relevant L7 rules to Cilium's node-local proxy, which is Envoy. Envoy parses supported application protocols and supplies the resulting request or response metadata to Cilium's observability pipeline. Therefore, C correctly identifies the architectural consequence of enabling this visibility.
The feature requires L7 proxy support and an appropriate CiliumNetworkPolicy containing Layer 7 rules. A standard Kubernetes NetworkPolicy is limited to Layer 3 and Layer 4 concepts and cannot express Cilium's HTTP, DNS, or generic application-protocol rules, so B is incorrect.
A is also incorrect. DNS policy and visibility are commonly applied to pod egress queries, and Cilium's model is not restricted to ingress-only DNS visibility. D overstates protocol coverage. Cilium supports defined L7 parsers and policy types-most prominently HTTP, DNS, Kafka, and supported generic Envoy- based protocols-but it does not promise arbitrary visibility for every application protocol. SSH, Telnet, and FTP cannot simply be assumed to receive native semantic parsing.
An operational caveat is that L7 visibility rules also affect policy enforcement: they are not merely passive packet logging instructions.
Official references
Layer 7 Protocol Visibility , Cilium Envoy
Study Guide topic: L7 proxy redirection, CiliumNetworkPolicy, protocol parsing, and Hubble visibility.
NEW QUESTION # 18
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