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CIPS L4M2 Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionWeightObjectives
Use specifications in procurement and supply20-25%- Sources for developing specifications
  • 1. Internal stakeholders, technical experts, standards bodies
  • 2. Suppliers, industry benchmarks, regulatory requirements
- Advantages and limitations of specification types
  • 1. Risk, cost, flexibility, supplier innovation impact
- Types of specifications
  • 1. Output/outcome-based specifications
  • 2. Drawings, samples, brands, technical standards
  • 3. Conformance vs performance specifications
Devise a business case for requirements sourced externally20-25%- Interpret financial budgets for purchase control
  • 1. Purpose and structure of budgets
  • 2. Budget performance and variance management
  • 3. Cash flow and cost entries
- Estimate costs and prices for procurement activities
  • 1. Market data sources for cost/price information
  • 2. Cost estimation and budgeting methods
  • 3. Direct and indirect costs
  • 4. Total cost of ownership / whole life costing
- Influence of business needs on procurement decisions
  • 1. Types of purchase: new, modified rebuy, straight re-buy
  • 2. Impact of business needs on purchase types
  • 3. Procurement's role in developing business cases
- Criteria for creating business cases
  • 1. Benchmarking requirements
  • 2. Costs, benefits, options, alignment, timescales
Stakeholder management in defining needs15-20%- Align needs with organisational objectives
  • 1. Strategic alignment and value contribution
- Identify and classify stakeholders
  • 1. Internal vs external stakeholders
  • 2. Power/interest matrix and engagement strategies
- Communicate and consult with stakeholders
  • 1. Methods for gathering requirements
  • 2. Resolving conflicting requirements
Market management in procurement and supply20-25%- Assess market forces and trends
  • 1. Global vs local market conditions
  • 2. Technological, legal, economic, social factors
  • 3. Supply and demand dynamics
- Analyse market structures and competition
  • 1. Perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly, monopolistic competition
  • 2. Impact of market structure on procurement strategies
- Evaluate market information sources
  • 1. Industry reports, government data, trade journals
  • 2. Supplier intelligence and market research
Legal and regulatory considerations10-15%- Legislation affecting requirements definition
  • 1. Procurement regulations, competition law, standards
- Sustainability and ethical requirements
  • 1. Environmental, social, ethical criteria

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CIPS Defining Business Needs Sample Questions (Q254-Q259):

NEW QUESTION # 254
Facing fiercer competition at home and abroad, IKEA, the leading furniture retailer, needs to im-prove its competitiveness. In order to do this, IKEA must decrease operating costs and improve quality of current and new retail stores. The company establishes a project team. The job of the team is to collect data on performance from multiple stores in several countries, then select the best performing one. The team will work closely with best performing store and study its processes. After the research, the team will recommend best practices to other retail stores. IKEA management can also apply these practices to new stores in the future. Which of the following correctly describe the process undertaken by IKEA project team?

Answer: D

Explanation:
Basically, IKEA project team is undertaking the following process:
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This is a typical benchmarking process. Benchmarking is defined as the process of measuring products, services, and processes against those of organizations known to be leaders in one or more aspects of their operations. Benchmarking provides necessary insights to help you understand how your organization compares with similar organizations, even if they are in a different business or have a different group of customers.
In the scenario, benchmarking process is undertaken within subsidiaries of IKEA, thus it is internal.


NEW QUESTION # 255
Which of the following are the causes of material cost variance?
1. The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery
2. An unprocessed goods received note is missing
3. The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders
4. The purchase is made in emergency

Answer: A

Explanation:
The difference between the standard cost of direct materials specified for production and the actual cost of direct materials used in production is known as Direct Material Cost Variance. Material Cost Variance gives an idea of how much more or less cost has been incurred when compared with the standard cost. Thus, Variance Analysis is an important tool to keep a tab on the deviations from the standard set by a company.
Material Cost Variance can be due to less purchase price being paid than the standard or because of change in the quantity of material used. Thus, Material Cost Variance is made up of two components namely; Material Price Variance and Material Usage Variance.
Among the 4 options:
- 'The buyer updates purchase-to-pay system to track payment and delivery': The use of e-procurement system can increase the productivity and create labour cost variance, not material cost variance.
- 'An unprocessed goods received note is missing': If a goods received note is missing, the buyer won't pay for that batch, which create quantity variance.
- 'The employees must work overtime to catch up with the customers' orders': Overtime salary can cause labour variance, not material cost variance.
- 'The purchase is made in emergency': Normally, the price in emergency situation is higher than usual. This can cause price variance.
Reference:
- CIPS study guide page 57-59
- Material Variance | Cost, Price, Usage Variance Formula, Example - eFM (efinancemanage-ment.com) LO 1, AC 1.4


NEW QUESTION # 256
Dana is an automobile manufacturer. It has a new electrification strategy that aims at making eco-friendly electric pick-up trucks. To implement this strategy, the procurement department must source new categories of parts that make motors, sensors, solenoids and stators. He starts to analyse the market by identifying specific supply market segments for those parts and finding suppliers who have the best capabilities in those segment. He intends to segment the market based on specific features of the products. Which variable is used by Dana procurement manager to shape and manage supply market?

Answer: C

Explanation:
In sales and marketing, market segmentation is the process of trying to understand clusters of cus-tomers in terms of their buying behavior and their buying characteristics. There are some traditional segmentation approaches: geography, demography, types of industry and the benefits. Then there are newer segmentation approaches: behavioral, situational, and psychographic.
Procurement professionals can learn market segmentation from sales and marketing. Segmenting the market can help them to shape and manage the supply market effectively. According to Michael Porter, a market can be segment with array of products and buyers.
Text Description automatically generated

Source: Porter, Michael E.. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (p. 234).
Free Press. Kindle Edition.
In the scenario, the products that Dana needs to source is distinct in their features. The best way is to segment the market by product varieties.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 65
LO 2, AC 2.1


NEW QUESTION # 257
Thani Ltd is a fast growing logistics company with a fleet of 20 tractors. To meet Net Zero objec-tive, the company needs to electrify its fleet. Angelica is assigned to investigate the market price of electrifying services. After the investigation, she realises that the current market price is very expensive and unsustainable for her company. She decides to break down the costs before negotiating with the suppliers. Which internal stakeholders may help Angelica estimate the breakdown of costs? Select TWO that apply.

Answer: B,C

Explanation:
Despite of its importance, cost analysis is often a daunting task for procurement professionals. In order to analyse supplier's costs effectively, procurement may need the input from other depart-ments. Normally, technical (or engineering) department may help them to identify the direct costs of the product/service (how much material is required to make the product, or how many people are needed to perform the job, etc), while finance (or accounting) department may have ideas on the overheads of the supplier.
In this scenario, engineering department may provide insights on the components needed and the tasks to perform. Similarly, finance may know how much supplier pays for the overheads.
On the other hand, while commercial agency and suppliers are external stakeholders, Sales and marketing is unlikely to provide valuable information in this case.
Reference:
LO 2, AC 2.3


NEW QUESTION # 258
To improve the productivity, Plantation Ltd is planning to purchase a tractor, which it has never bought before. The project must be quick to catch up with the next growing season. Leanne, a jun-ior procurement staff at the company, assumes that she could skip market analysis stage to save time. Is this assumption reasonable?

Answer: B

Explanation:
Market analysis is a stage in CIPS Procurement and Supply Cycle. This stage informs the purchaser about the number of suppliers, the average pricing, and product trends. Even urgent purchase should undergo market analysis. Without undertaking this stage, the buying organisation may not purchase the right product, or they may purchase at higher price.


NEW QUESTION # 259
......

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