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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Specification development | - Types of specifications (input, output, conformance) - Stakeholder engagement in requirements definition - Key performance indicators and measurable requirements |
| Topic 2: Risk, sustainability, and compliance considerations | - Legal and regulatory constraints affecting specifications - Managing procurement and supply risks - Sustainability and ethical sourcing requirements |
| Topic 3: Understanding and defining business needs | - Alignment of procurement with organisational objectives - Role of procurement in identifying and defining needs |
| Topic 4: Demand management and value for money | - Whole life costing and total cost of ownership - Demand analysis and forecasting - Balancing cost, quality, and risk |
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質問 # 156
Category buyer Raheem has been tasked with receiving innovative bids from coaching and development service providers. How can he achieve this? Select TWO that apply.
正解：B、D
解説：
Detailed Explanation:
* A (Early supplier involvement): Engaging suppliers early fosters innovation by leveraging their expertise in developing solutions.
* D (Outcome-based specification): Focusing on outcomes rather than rigid inputs encourages creative and flexible proposals.Conformance specifications (C) restrict innovation, and standards (E) limit supplier flexibility. Reference: CIPS Level 4, Innovation in Procurement Specifications.
質問 # 157
Daytona Ltd is developing a new product which is more environmental friendly. Though the objectives are set, the project team has no idea on which functions will be customers' favourites. Which of the following will help them decide the 'should-have' functions of the new product?
正解：C
解説：
The Kano model is useful in gaining a thorough understanding of a customer's needs. You can translate and transform the resulting verbatims using the voice of the customer table that, subse-quently, becomes an excellent input as the whatsin a quality function deployment (QFD) House of Quality.
The model involves two dimensions:
Achievement (the horizontal axis), which goes from the supplier didn't do it at all to the supplier did it very well.
Satisfaction (the vertical axis), which goes from total dissatisfaction with the product or service to total satisfaction with the product or service.
Dr. Noriaki Kano isolated and identified three levels of customer expectations: that is, what it takes to positively impact customer satisfaction. The figure below portrays the three levels of need: expected, normal, and exciting.
The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI) is a conflict style inventory, which is a tool developed to measure an individual's response to conflict situations.
Genichi Taguchi, a Japanese engineer, proposed several approaches to experimental designs that are sometimes called "Taguchi Methods." These methods utilize two-, three-, and mixed-level fractional factorial designs. Large screening designs seem to be particularly favored by Taguchi adherents.
Six Sigma is a method that provides organizations tools to improve the capability of their business processes.
This increase in performance and decrease in process variation helps lead to defect re-duction and improvement in profits, employee morale, and quality of products or services.
Source:
- CIPS study guide page 171-172
- WHAT IS THE KANO MODEL?
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 158
Which of the following is an useful tool for value engineering?
正解：C
解説：
Value Engineering (VE) is concerned with new products. It is applied during product development. The focus is on reducing costs, improving function or both, by way of teamwork-based product evaluation and analysis. This takes place before any capital is invested in tooling, plant or equipment.
This is very significant, because according to many reports, up to 80% of a product's costs (throughout the rest of its life-cycle), are locked in at the design development stage. This is under-standable when you consider the design of any product determines many factors, such as tooling, plant and equipment, labour and skills, training costs, materials, shipping, installation, maintenance, as well as decommissioning and recycle costs.
The Kano model is a theory for product development and customer satisfaction developed in the 1980s by Professor Noriaki Kano, which classifies customer preferences into five categories. Both Kano model and Value Engineering aims at optimising new product, so they can be combined to-gether. CIPS L4M2 study guide consider Kano model is a tool of Value Engineering
Example of Kano model (source: Wikipedia)
Reference:
LO 3, AC 3.4
質問 # 159
At which stage of product life cycle, price competition between sellers will be the most intense?
正解：A
解説：
The term product life cycle refers to the length of time a product is introduced to consumers into the market until it's removed from the shelves. The life cycle of a product is broken into four stages-introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.
Chart, line chart Description automatically generated
Source: https://blueoceanoutsource.co.ke/the-product-life-cycle-concept/ At maturity stage, price competition sets in as more and more supply capacity has been added by new entrants, then the competition will be the most intense.
質問 # 160
Lucy, a junior procurement analyst, has been asked to assess the competitive forces in the garden furniture market. XYZ Ltd is the largest producer of garden furniture in the country. It produces 70% of all the garden furniture manufactured, while the second largest manufacturer produces less than 5% of the garden furniture for the country. Which power does XYZ Ltd possess?
正解：A
質問 # 161
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無料でクラウドストレージから最新のFast2test L4M2 PDFダンプをダウンロードする：https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ZdFcY9zqtSlymTX3eNvui5qgWKLReoWm