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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - Secure communication design principles - TLS/SSL conceptual overview |
| Foundations of Cryptography | - Historical and modern cryptography principles - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Key Management and PKI | - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure - Key exchange and lifecycle management |
| Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) - MAC and HMAC mechanisms |
| Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
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NEW QUESTION # 59
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 60
(How often are transactions added to a blockchain?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
For Bitcoin, transactions are confirmed by inclusion in blocks, and the network targets an average block interval of about 10 minutes. That means transactions are "added" to the Bitcoin blockchain approximately every 10 minutes in the sense that a new block containing a batch of transactions is appended at that cadence. The 10-minute target is achieved by a difficulty adjustment mechanism that recalibrates mining difficulty roughly every 2016 blocks, aiming to keep the average interval stable despite changes in total network hash power. It is important to note that this is an average: blocks can be found faster or slower in the short term due to the probabilistic nature of proof-of-work mining.
Other blockchains have different block times (seconds to minutes), but the question's options and typical curriculum context align with Bitcoin's 10-minute design. Therefore, the correct choice is approximately every 10 minutes.
NEW QUESTION # 61
(What is a focus of the ISO/IEC 27001 standard?)
Answer: D
Explanation:
ISO/IEC 27001 is an international standard for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and continually improving an Information Security Management System (ISMS). Its focus is not inventing cryptographic algorithms, but managing information security through a structured governance approach: identifying assets, assessing risks, selecting and implementing controls, measuring effectiveness, and continuously improving.
The standard emphasizes a risk-based methodology-controls are chosen based on organizational context and threat landscape, and the ISMS is refined over time through audits, management reviews, and corrective actions. While cryptography can be part of the control set (e.g., encryption policies, key management, secure communications), ISO/IEC 27001 addresses a broad range of security domains beyond crypto, including physical security, access control, incident management, supplier relationships, and business continuity. It also does not enforce criminal penalties; it is a certification/management standard. And it is not limited to network security. Therefore, the correct focus is risk management and continuous improvement of information security.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(Which symmetric encryption technique uses a 112-bit key size and a 64-bit block size?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) is a symmetric block cipher that retains DES's 64-bit block size while increasing effective security by applying DES multiple times. The common "two-key 3DES" variant uses two independent 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) sequence: Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, then Encrypt again with K1. Because each DES key is 56 bits (ignoring parity bits), the total keying material is 112 bits. This matches the question's "112-bit key size and 64-bit block size." Plain DES uses only a 56-bit effective key and a 64-bit block size, so it does not match the 112-bit key size. AES has a 128-bit block size and key sizes of 128/192/256. IDEA uses a 64-bit block size but has a 128-bit key.
Therefore, the correct algorithm is 3DES. Although 3DES improved on DES, it is now considered legacy due to its small 64-bit block size (birthday-bound issues for large data volumes) and performance overhead compared to AES.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(Why did the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) choose Ascon for lightweight cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
NIST's lightweight cryptography effort targets environments like IoT and embedded systems where CPU, memory, energy, and bandwidth are constrained, yet strong security is still required. Ascon is an authenticated encryption with associated data (AEAD) family designed to be efficient in both hardware and software with small footprint, making it well-suited for constrained devices. NIST selected Ascon because it offers a strong security design with good performance and implementability under tight resource budgets, while providing modern protections (confidentiality + integrity) through AEAD. That aligns with option C: secure and efficient encryption for resource-constrained devices. The selection was not primarily about authenticating users (that is typically handled by protocols and identity systems, not an AEAD primitive). It was also not mainly about legacy compatibility; lightweight cryptography aims at new and constrained deployments rather than preserving outdated stacks. And while Ascon can certainly be used to protect data at rest, that is only one application; the core reason for the choice is its suitability for constrained environments and robust, efficient authenticated encryption.
NEW QUESTION # 64
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