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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Governance and Management of IT | 18% | - IT Governance
|
| Topic 2: Protection of Information Assets | 26% | - Access and Data Protection
|
| Topic 3: Information Systems Operations and Business Resilience | 26% | - Operations Management
|
| Topic 4: Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Implementation | 12% | - Implementation
|
| Topic 5: Information Systems Auditing Process | 18% | - Planning
|
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NEW QUESTION # 199
Which of the following is the MOST important reason to classify a disaster recovery plan (DRP) as confidential?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 200
What should IS auditors always check when auditing password files?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
IS auditors should always check to ensure that password files are encrypted.
NEW QUESTION # 201
Which of the following ACID property ensures that transaction will bring the database from one valid state
to another?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Section: Information System Acquisition, Development and Implementation
Explanation/Reference:
Consistency - The consistency property ensures that any transaction will bring the database from one valid
state to another. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including but
not limited to constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This does not guarantee
correctness of the transaction in all ways the application programmer might have wanted (that is the
responsibility of application-level code) but merely that any programming errors do not violate any defined
rules.
For CISA exam you should know below information about ACID properties in DBMS:
Atomicity - Atomicity requires that each transaction is "all or nothing": if one part of the transaction fails, the
entire transaction fails, and the database state is left unchanged. An atomic system must guarantee
atomicity in each and every situation, including power failures, errors, and crashes. To the outside world, a
committed transaction appears (by its effects on the database) to be indivisible ("atomic"), and an aborted
transaction does not happen.
Consistency - The consistency property ensures that any transaction will bring the database from one valid
state to another. Any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including but
not limited to constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This does not guarantee
correctness of the transaction in all ways the application programmer might have wanted (that is the
responsibility of application-level code) but merely that any programming errors do not violate any defined
rules.
Isolation - The isolation property ensures that the concurrent execution of transactions results in a system
state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially, i.e. one after the other. Providing
isolation is the main goal of concurrency control. Depending on concurrency control method, the effects of
an incomplete transaction might not even be visible to another transaction.[citation needed]
Durability - Durability means that once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the
event of power loss, crashes, or errors. In a relational database, for instance, once a group of SQL
statements execute, the results need to be stored permanently (even if the database crashes immediately
thereafter). To defend against power loss, transactions (or their effects) must be recorded in a non-volatile
memory.
The following were incorrect answers:
Atomicity - Atomicity requires that each transaction is "all or nothing": if one part of the transaction fails, the
entire transaction fails, and the database state is left unchanged.
Isolation - The isolation property ensures that the concurrent execution of transactions results in a system
state that would be obtained if transactions were executed serially, i.e. one after the other.
Durability - Durability means that once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the
event of power loss, crashes, or errors.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 218
NEW QUESTION # 202
Which of the following database model allow many-to-many relationships in a tree-like structure that allows multiple parents?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Section: Information System Operations, Maintenance and Support
Explanation:
Network database model-The network model expands upon the hierarchical structure, allowing many-to- many relationships in a tree-like structure that allows multiple parents.
For your exam you should know below information about database models:
A database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of a database and fundamentally determines in which manner data can be stored, organized, and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model, which uses a table-based format.
Common logical data models for databases include:
Hierarchical database model
Network model
Relational model
Object-relational database models
Hierarchical database model
In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single parent for each record.
A sort field keeps sibling records in a particular order. Hierarchical structures were widely used in the early mainframe database management systems, such as the Information Management System (IMS) by IBM, and now describe the structure of XML documents. This structure allows one one-to-many relationship between two types of data. This structure is very efficient to describe many relationships in the real world; recipes, table of contents, ordering of paragraphs/verses, any nested and sorted information.
This hierarchy is used as the physical order of records in storage. Record access is done by navigating through the data structure using pointers combined with sequential accessing. Because of this, the hierarchical structure is inefficient for certain database operations when a full path (as opposed to upward link and sort field) is not also included for each record. Such limitations have been compensated for in later IMS versions by additional logical hierarchies imposed on the base physical hierarchy.
Hierarchical database model
Network database model
The network model expands upon the hierarchical structure, allowing many-to-many relationships in a tree-like structure that allows multiple parents. It was the most popular before being replaced by the relational model, and is defined by the CODASYL specification.
The network model organizes data using two fundamental concepts, called records and sets. Records contain fields (which may be organized hierarchically, as in the programming language COBOL). Sets (not to be confused with mathematical sets) define one-to-many[disambiguation needed] relationships between records: one owner, many members. A record may be an owner in any number of sets, and a member in any number of sets.
A set consists of circular linked lists where one record type, the set owner or parent, appears once in each circle, and a second record type, the subordinate or child, may appear multiple times in each circle. In this way a hierarchy may be established between any two record types, e.g., type A is the owner of B. At the same time another set may be defined where B is the owner of A. Thus all the sets comprise a general directed graph (ownership defines a direction), or network construct. Access to records is either sequential (usually in each record type) or by navigation in the circular linked lists.
The network model is able to represent redundancy in data more efficiently than in the hierarchical model, and there can be more than one path from an ancestor node to a descendant. The operations of the network model are navigational in style: a program maintains a current position, and navigates from one record to another by following the relationships in which the record participates. Records can also be located by supplying key values.
Network Database model
Relational database model
In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tulles, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.
In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key".
The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries:
users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it, and let the database management system software take care of describing data structures for storing the data and retrieval procedures for answering queries.
Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model. A table in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates. However, SQL databases, including DB2, deviate from the relational model in many details, and Cod fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.
Relational database model
Object-relational database Model
An object-relational database (ORD), or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language. In addition, just as with pure relational systems, it supports extension of the data model with custom data-types and methods.
Example of an object-oriented database model
An object-relational database can be said to provide a middle ground between relational databases and object-oriented databases (OODBMS). In object-relational databases, the approach is essentially that of relational databases: the data resides in the database and is manipulated collectively with queries in a query language; at the other extreme are OODBMSes in which the database is essentially a persistent object store for software written in an object-oriented programming language, with a programming API for storing and retrieving objects, and little or no specific support for querying.
The following were incorrect answers:
Hierarchical database model - In a hierarchical model, data is organized into a tree-like structure, implying a single parent for each record. A sort field keeps sibling records in a particular order.
Relational model- In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tulles, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database. In the relational model, related records are linked together with a "key".
Object-relational database models- An object-relational database can be said to provide a middle ground between relational databases and object-oriented databases (OODBMS). In object-relational databases, the approach is essentially that of relational databases: the data resides in the database and is manipulated collectively with queries in a query language; at the other extreme are OODBMSes in which the database is essentially a persistent object store for software written in an object-oriented programming language, with a programming API for storing and retrieving objects, and little or no specific support for querying.
Reference:
CISA review manual 2014 Page number 254
NEW QUESTION # 203
Two-factor authentication can be circumvented through which of the following attacks?
Answer: C
Explanation:
A man-in-the-middle attack is similar to piggybacking, in that the attacker pretends to be the legitimate destination, and then merely retransmits whatever is sent by the authorized user along with additional transactions after authentication has been accepted. A denial-of-service attack does not have a relationship to authentication. Key logging and brute force could circumvent a normal authentication but not a two-factor authentication.
NEW QUESTION # 204
......
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