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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Done and Undone Work | - Definition of Done |
| Topic 2: Product Backlog Management | - Backlog Refinement - Stakeholder Management |
| Topic 3: Scrum Theory and Empiricism | - Scrum Values - Empirical process control - Complex adaptive systems |
| Topic 4: Scrum in the Organization | - Organizational Design and Culture - Scaling Scrum |
| Topic 5: The Scrum Framework | - Scrum Events - Scrum Roles - Scrum Artifacts |
| Topic 6: Facilitation and Coaching | - Coaching - Facilitation - Teaching |
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問題 #25
How does the Cone of Uncertainty influence the work being done by a development team during a product's development lifetime?
答案:
解題說明:
TheCone of Uncertaintydescribes how the level of uncertainty in a product's requirements, technology, and value is highest at the beginning of a product's lifetime and gradually decreases as knowledge is gained. This concept strongly influences the type of work a development team performs throughout the product's development lifecycle and aligns well with Scrum's empirical approach.
Early Stage: High Uncertainty and Discovery Work
At the start of a product's development lifetime, manyunknownsexist. These may relate to customer needs, technical feasibility, usability, or business value. According to Scrum's empirical nature, teams should not assume certainty where it does not exist. Therefore, early development work focuses primarily ondiscovery.
During this stage, the Development Team works to reduce uncertainty by:
* Conducting research and experiments,
* Building prototypes or spikes,
* Testing assumptions with users,
* Validating technical and business hypotheses.
This type of work helps the team learn quickly and avoid premature commitment to detailed solutions. The goal is not maximizing feature output, butmaximizing learningand reducing risk.
Middle Stage: Reduced Uncertainty and Feature Development
As important unknowns are discovered and addressed, the Cone of Uncertainty narrows. The team gains confidence in what to build and how to build it. At this point, work increasingly shifts toward delivering functional stories and featuresthat provide direct value to users.
Development during this phase focuses on:
* Building usable, integrated product increments,
* Expanding functionality based on validated learning,
* Refining features through feedback and inspection.
Scrum supports this transition by enabling frequent inspection and adaptation through Sprints, ensuring that learning continues while value delivery accelerates.
Late Stage: Low Uncertainty and Operational Work
Toward the end of a product's development lifetime, most significant uncertainties have been resolved.
According toEvidence-Based Management (EBM),Unrealized Value becomes low, whileCurrent Value is high. At this stage, the volume of new feature development typically decreases.
The team's work becomes moreoperationalin nature, such as:
* Maintenance and optimization,
* Improving performance or stability,
* Addressing technical debt,
* Supporting existing users.
Investment decisions increasingly focus on sustaining value rather than discovering new opportunities.
問題 #26
A Scrum Team has been working on a product for nine Sprints. A new Product Owner comes in, understanding he is accountable for the Product Backlog. However, he is unsure about his responsibilities.
Which two activities are part of the Product Owner role according to Scrum?
答案:
解題說明:
According to Scrum, theProduct Owneris accountable formaximizing the value of the productand for effectiveProduct Backlog management. Two key activities that are explicitly part of this role are:
1. Ordering the Product Backlog to Maximize Value
The Product Owner is responsible forordering the Product Backlogso that the most valuable work is done first. This ordering reflects:
* Business and customer value,
* Risk and uncertainty,
* Strategic goals and learning from previous Sprints.
Through this activity, the Product Owner ensures that the Scrum Team is always working on what matters most.
2. Ensuring Product Backlog Items Are Transparent, Clear, and Understood The Product Owner ensures that Product Backlog Items are:
* Clearly expressed,
* Transparent to the Scrum Team and stakeholders,
* Understood well enough for Developers to select them during Sprint Planning.
This does not mean writing detailed requirements alone, butcollaboratingso that shared understanding exists.
問題 #27
How the organization discusses and plans the work of creating software will be reflected in the implementation of that software.
Technical systems can be decomposed to composite elements, from the large to the small. Basic components may be represented as activities, workflows, functions, features, capabilities, and other similar nomenclature.
How does this system decomposition affect Scrum Teams on scaled projects?
答案:
解題說明:
How an organization discusses, plans, and decomposes work is inevitably reflected in the software it produces. When technical systems are decomposed into elements such as activities, workflows, functions, features, or components, these decomposition choices have adirect and systemic impact on Scrum Teams, especially inscaled Scrum environments.
1. Decomposition Influences Team Structure (Conway's Law)
In scaled projects, system decomposition often drives how teams are formed. When work is decomposed along technical components or functions, organizations tend to createspecialist or component teams(e.g., front- end teams, back-end teams). This results in:
* Increaseddependencies between teams,
* More handoffs and coordination,
* Reduced autonomy of individual teams.
Scrum, however, expects teams to becross-functionaland capable of delivering usable Increments independently. Component-based decomposition therefore hinders effective Scrum adoption at scale.
2. Effect on Value Delivery and Transparency
Scrum relies on frequent inspection ofintegrated, working product Increments. When decomposition focuses on small technical parts rather thanend-to-end features or capabilities, teams may deliver partial outputs instead of usable value.
This negatively affects:
* Transparency, as progress is reported through intermediate artifacts rather than working software,
* Inspection, since stakeholders cannot meaningfully evaluate value,
* Adaptation, because feedback is delayed until integration occurs.
In scaled Scrum, this often results in "almost done" work that is not truly Done.
3. Feature-Oriented Decomposition Supports Scrum
Scrum scales more effectively when system decomposition emphasizesvertical slices of value, such as features or capabilities, rather than horizontal technical layers. Feature-oriented decomposition enables:
* Cross-functional teams,
* Reduced dependencies,
* Faster feedback cycles,
* Independent delivery of value by each team.
This approach aligns with Scrum's expectation that every Sprint produces ausable Increment.
4. Impact on Integration and Risk
Decomposition decisions strongly affectintegration frequency. Poor decomposition increases integration complexity and encourages late integration, which raises risk and reduces learning.
In Scrum-especially at scale-integration must happen early and often. Unintegrated work is not considered Done, and delayed integration undermines empiricism by hiding real system behavior until late in development.
5. Learning and System Optimization
When Scrum Teams work on complete features rather than isolated components, they gain broader insight into:
* Customer needs,
* System-wide trade-offs,
* End-to-end product behavior.
This shared understanding improves decision-making and supportscontinuous improvement at the system level, rather than local optimization within silos.
問題 #28
A Development Team, arguing it is self-organising, indicates it no longer needs the Daily Scrum; they collaborate throughout the day and they feel it has become a needless ritual.
答案:
解題說明:
A Development Team claiming self-organization as a reason to stop theDaily Scrumreflects a misunderstanding of bothself-managementand the purpose of Scrum events. As a Scrum Master, I would address this through teaching, coaching, and empiricism rather than enforcement.
Daily Scrum Is Mandatory in Scrum
First, it must be made clear that theDaily Scrum is a required Scrum event. The Scrum Guide defines it as a
15-minute event held every working day of the Sprint for the Developers. Choosing to eliminate it means the team isno longer practicing Scrum, regardless of how well they collaborate informally.
Self-Organization Does Not Mean Skipping Empiricism
Self-organizing (self-managing) teams decidehowto do the work, notwhetherto inspect and adapt. Scrum events exist to upholdempirical process control. The Daily Scrum specifically enables:
* Transparencyabout progress toward the Sprint Goal,
* Inspectionof the Sprint Backlog and current plan,
* Adaptationof work for the next 24 hours.
Informal collaboration throughout the day does not replace theshared, intentional inspection momentthat the Daily Scrum provides.
The Daily Scrum Is Not a Ritual or Status Meeting
If the Daily Scrum feels like a needless ritual, this is asignal that it is not being used correctly. It should not be a status report or a meeting for the Scrum Master or Product Owner. Instead, it is aplanning event for the Developers, focused on how to best achieve the Sprint Goal.
As a Scrum Master, I would coach the team toimprove the Daily Scrum, for example by:
* Centering the discussion on progress toward the Sprint Goal,
* Making impediments and risks explicit,
* Using different formats that suit the team's context.
Risks of Removing the Daily Scrum
Removing the Daily Scrum reducestransparencyand delays inspection and adaptation. Problems such as integration issues, misalignment, or threats to the Sprint Goal may surface too late, increasing risk and waste.
Over time, this undermines predictability and value delivery.
問題 #29
Your Scrum Team has one month Sprints. The development team argues that since this period is quite long, a Daily Scrum isa bit too much. They instead want a weekly update meeting. What is your opinion on this?
答案:
解題說明:
From a Scrum Master's perspective, replacing the Daily Scrum with a weekly update meeting isnot consistent with Scrumand would significantly weaken the team's ability to inspect and adapt effectively, regardless of the Sprint length.
First, Scrum explicitly defines theDaily Scrum as a required event. The Scrum Guide states that the Daily Scrum is a 15-minute event held every working day of the Sprint for the Developers. The length of the Sprint-whether one week or one month-does not change the purpose or necessity of this event. Therefore, by choosing not to have a Daily Scrum, the team wouldno longer be practicing Scrum, but rather a Scrum- like process.
Second, the Daily Scrum isnot a status meeting. Its primary purpose is to allow the Developers toinspect progress toward the Sprint Goal, synchronize their work, andadapt the Sprint Backlogas needed. A weekly meeting dramatically reduces the frequency of inspection and adaptation, delaying the discovery of issues such as integration problems, misalignment, or risks to the Sprint Goal.
Third, removing the Daily Scrum negatively impactstransparency, one of Scrum's three pillars of empiricism. Without daily synchronization, important information about progress, impediments, and discoveries becomes stale or hidden. This reduced transparency increases the likelihood that work will drift away from agreed standards, fail to integrate properly, or no longer support the Sprint Goal by the end of the Sprint.
Fourth, the argument that a one-month Sprint justifies less frequent inspection reflects a misunderstanding of empiricism. Longer Sprintsincrease risk, which makes frequent inspection and adaptation more important, not less. The Daily Scrum provides a regular opportunity to realign the team and respond early to emerging problems, thereby reducing waste and rework.
Finally, as a Scrum Master, my role is toteach and coachthe Scrum Team on the purpose and value of Scrum events. Rather than removing the Daily Scrum, I would help the Developers improve how they use it-for example, ensuring it focuses on progress toward the Sprint Goal and actionable planning for the next 24 hours, instead of turning into a reporting session.
問題 #30
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