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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Cluster Mesh | 10% | - Multi-cluster connectivity and service discovery - Cross-cluster load balancing and failover |
| Topic 2: BGP and External Networking | 6% | - External gateway integration - BGP peering and service advertisement |
| Topic 3: eBPF | 10% | - eBPF fundamentals and relevance to Cilium - eBPF-based networking, security, and observability |
| Topic 4: Installation and Configuration | 10% | - Post-install validation and connectivity testing - Deployment methods (Helm, cilium-cli) |
| Topic 5: Network Observability | 10% | - Layer 7 visibility and flow monitoring - Hubble architecture and CLI usage - Hubble UI and troubleshooting basics |
| Topic 6: Architecture | 20% | - Cilium core architecture and components - CNI integration and kube-proxy replacement |
| Topic 7: Network Policy | 18% | - Identity-aware and L3–L7 policy models - Policy enforcement modes - Cilium vs Kubernetes network policies |
| Topic 8: Service Mesh | 16% | - Sidecar vs sidecarless architecture - Transparent traffic encryption - Ingress and Gateway API integration |
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NEW QUESTION # 52
A user has set up a global service as a Kubernetes user with access to clusters in a Cilium Cluster Mesh. They notice that all traffic is going to remote backend pods. What is a possible explanation?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Technical explanation
If a global Service has no healthy local endpoints matching its selector, every available backend can be remote. Cluster Mesh synchronizes remote service and endpoint information, allowing the local Cilium datapath to load-balance requests to backend pods in connected clusters. The absence of local endpoints therefore provides a direct explanation for the observed behavior.
If the local cluster were not part of the Cluster Mesh, its Cilium agents would not normally receive the remote endpoint state needed to route traffic through the global Service, so B does not explain successful remote-only selection. An affinity value of none is the default behavior and expresses no preference between local and remote endpoints. When both categories exist and are healthy, this permits load balancing across both; it does not require every connection to use remote backends.
Setting service.cilium.io/shared: "false" prevents the local Service's backends from being shared with remote clusters. It does not instruct the local cluster to direct all requests toward remote endpoints.
A separate possible cause, not presented among the choices, would be service.cilium.io/affinity: "remote" .
Among the supplied answers, however, A is the valid explanation.
Official references
Service Affinity ; Cluster Mesh .
Study Guide topic: Cluster Mesh.
NEW QUESTION # 53
What is correct about this Cilium Network Policy?
Question 21 Cilium Network Policy exhibit
Answer: D
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The intended policy selects every Cilium-managed endpoint in the namespace where the CiliumNetworkPolicy is created because endpointSelector: {} is empty. The manifest does not specify metadata.namespace ; if it is applied normally in the default namespace, the selected endpoints are therefore all pods in default , not pods across every namespace. The egress destination selector identifies pods in kube- system carrying k8s-app: kube-dns , while matchPattern: "*" allows all DNS query names handled by the DNS rule. This supports the intended answer A.
There is, however, a material defect in the exhibit: toPorts is a list in the Cilium policy schema, but the image shows rules directly beneath toPorts without a preceding list marker. The official form is toPorts: , followed by - ports: and rules: within that list item. Port 53 and its protocol should also be stated explicitly. Exactly as displayed, the manifest should not be treated as a valid deployable policy.
The question should be corrected before examination use. Once the missing list item and port definition are restored, A accurately describes its scope and effect.
Official references
Using Kubernetes Constructs in Policy ; Layer 7 Protocol Visibility .
Study Guide topic: Network Policy.
NEW QUESTION # 54
Which encapsulation protocols are supported when configuring Cilium in tunnel mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
Cilium tunnel mode supports VXLAN and Geneve encapsulation. In this routing model, Cilium nodes form an overlay mesh, and traffic exchanged between nodes is carried inside UDP-encapsulated packets. VXLAN is the default tunnel protocol and normally uses UDP port 8472. Geneve is the alternative and normally uses UDP port 6081. Operators select the protocol through the tunnel-protocol configuration setting, whose documented values are vxlan and geneve .
Encapsulation reduces the requirements placed on the underlying network. The underlay only needs to provide IP connectivity between the Kubernetes nodes and permit the selected UDP tunnel port. It does not need to learn or route individual PodCIDRs. Cilium also uses the tunnel metadata to carry information such as the source security identity, avoiding an additional identity lookup on the receiving node.
MPLS, OTV, STT, and EVPN are not supported values for Cilium's tunnel-protocol setting. EVPN may be used in broader data-center network designs, and MPLS is a carrier-routing technology, but neither is a Cilium overlay encapsulation choice. Therefore, B is the only supported pair.
Official references
Cilium Routing ; System Requirements .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 55
Which of the following best describes how eBPF is used within Cilium9
Answer: A
Explanation:
Technical explanation
D most precisely describes Cilium's foundational use of eBPF. The Cilium agent translates desired networking and security state into eBPF programs and maps, then attaches those programs to Linux kernel hook points such as traffic-control ingress and egress, XDP, cgroups, and sockets. Packets can consequently be classified, permitted, dropped, redirected, load-balanced, or forwarded without requiring changes to the protected application.
Endpoint-policy programs associate traffic with Cilium security identities and perform Layer 3 and Layer 4 enforcement in the kernel. Traffic requiring Layer 7 inspection can be redirected from the eBPF datapath to Envoy. This combination provides efficient kernel-level enforcement while retaining application-aware controls.
Option A describes an important Hubble observability outcome, but it is narrower than Cilium's primary networking and enforcement model and overstates what is necessarily exposed through a UI. Option B mischaracterizes Cilium as DNS infrastructure; Cilium can enforce DNS-aware policies but does not replace Kubernetes DNS service discovery. Option C is too generic and implies a conventional threat-detection product rather than identity-based networking and policy enforcement.
Official references
Cilium eBPF Datapath Introduction , Introduction to Cilium and Hubble
Study Guide topic: Kernel hooks, endpoint policy, identities, and eBPF datapath enforcement.
NEW QUESTION # 56
Please review the output of cilium status below and answer the question that follows. Please note, the output has been modified for accessibility purposes.
Question 2 cilium status exhibit
Assume the cluster is healthy. What is correct about the ci 1 ium status command output above?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Technical explanation
The status output shows Envoy DaemonSet: disabled (using embedded mode) . In embedded mode, Cilium starts Envoy as a separate process inside the Cilium agent pod when a feature requiring Layer 7 processing- such as an L7 network policy, protocol visibility, Ingress, or Gateway API-is used. This is precisely the behavior described in option B.
The remaining choices contradict the exhibit. The Cilium DaemonSet has a desired count of three, which ordinarily indicates three schedulable nodes running Cilium, not four. Hubble Relay: OK means the aggregation component is healthy. Hubble Relay connects to the Hubble instances associated with Cilium agents and presents a multi-node API to clients such as Hubble CLI and Hubble UI. Finally, ClusterMesh:
disabled rules out the claim that the installation is currently configured for Cilium Cluster Mesh service discovery and cross-cluster load balancing.
Cilium can alternatively run Envoy through the independently life-cycled cilium-envoy DaemonSet. That is not the deployment displayed here because the DaemonSet is explicitly disabled and embedded mode is reported.
Official references
Envoy deployment modes ; Hubble internals .
Study Guide topic: Architecture.
NEW QUESTION # 57
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