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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Sample collection, handling and processing |
| Topic 2: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 3: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Topic 4: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy |
| Topic 5: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control - Multimodal analgesia protocols |
| Topic 6: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management |
| Topic 7: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
| Topic 8: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 9: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance |
| Topic 10: Dentistry | 7% | - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Periodontal care and patient education |
>> Answers VTNE Real Questions <<
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NEW QUESTION # 730
The veterinarian has just finished a new puppy visit with a new client. She requests that you discuss the free sample of heartworm prevention and flea and tick prevention. You are asked to discuss side effects, reasons for giving monthly, and how to administer the products.
When discussing heartworm prevention, it is key to stress all the following, except:
Answer: B
Explanation:
To effectively provide client education, you must understand the products you carry and your veterinarians prescribe. This includes preventatives like heartworm prevention. There are numerous options, especially with the new products that combine flea/tick/heartworm/intestinal parasite control in a single oral pill.
Owners may want topical, oral, "natural" options, or no product at all. Knowing what each product prevents against, the life cycle of the parasites and how they are transmitted, and why prevention is recommended all year round is paramount. Once you understand this, you can properly educate your clients.
While mosquitoes are only around in certain parts of the country seasonally, in others they are a year-round threat. Further, with climate change, the average temperatures are rising, and even in areas where the ground used to remain frozen during the winter months, it isn't any longer. Thus, year-round prevention of fleas/ticks/heartworm and, as a result, several intestinal parasites, is a regular affair.
You want to ensure clients understand:
*The tick lifecycle: You don't need to see deer to have the deer tick and the threat/risk of Lyme disease.
*Fleas and ticks are around even in winter, unless the ground remains frozen for several weeks or longer at a time.
*Intestinal parasites are of concern all year round. While which parasites are covered varies with each product, several parasites are zoonotic and pose a risk to human family members and the dog, thus warranting all-year prevention.
*The life cycle of heartworm disease is 7+ months. The preventatives do not treat adult worms, so it is paramount to ensure that we prevent larvae from reaching adulthood. The best way to do so is to ensure year-round prevention. If, however, the client elects for injectable heartworm prevention, ProHeart12 protects against heartworm and hookworms. While only one intestinal parasite is prevented with this product, it is zoonotic and can cause disease in dogs; thus, it also should be discussed if your practice offers it.
*Differences between product choices such as mode of administration, frequency of administration, possible side effects, contraindications for use (such as breeds with genetic mutations or history of seizures), and cost differences.
*It is much cheaper to prevent these types of diseases than to treat them; further, by preventing them, a client can prevent undue suffering in their pet.
*Because heartworm disease is transmitted by mosquitoes, a pet doesn't have to go outside to become infected. How many times have you killed a mosquito in your home? Further, owners that permit dogs to go to the bathroom on wee-wee pads still often take them to the park or outside. While they think of them as indoor-only animals, they really aren't and do have exposure to intestinal parasites and external parasites.
*The flea life cycle and how difficult they can be to eradicate: This information may help reinforce the recommendation for routine prevention. Clients don't want to wait until they have them. Further, fleas can also carry infectious diseases.
NEW QUESTION # 731
When considering the safety and comfort of a recumbent equine patient, all of the following are true about the use of slings, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Slings like the Anderson sling are commonly used in down large animal patients. The sling can:
*Assist those patients who are recumbent but retain some ability to stand, just for short durations, or with limb injuries who aren't fully weight-bearing on one limb.
*Assist recumbent or weak patients with underlying illness to provide relief of muscles on the down side and improve circulation while relieving the weight-bearing load.
*Be used short term in a patient who cannot support any of their weight, because it can cause respiratory compromise over time if they heavily rely on the sling to maintain an upright position.
*In the short term, provide a patient with improved limb mobility and relieve muscle soreness/tension on dependent sides, regardless of the degree of recumbency.
*Be most useful in patients who still retain the ability to stand and support at least a portion of their own weight. In these patients, they can be used longer term, because respiratory compromise isn't usually of concern.
*Assist a patient in standing, stabilize once they are up, and aid in supporting body weight.
*Be primarily used to assess neurological and orthopedic status and disease progression and to improve circulation in the short term in fully recumbent animals who cannot stand at all in a sling. (Ideally, only 25% of an animal's weight should be supported for any duration.)
NEW QUESTION # 732
Which of the following reflexes should always remain present while a patient is anesthetized?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The corneal reflex is the involuntary retraction of the eyeball within the orbit. It should remain present at all times while under anesthesia. This reflex disappears as very deep anesthesia approaches.
The pedal reflex, withdrawing a limb in response to pain, is absent during surgical anesthesia. During surgical anesthesia, the swallowing reflex is absent but present at lighter depths. The palpebral reflex is present when a patient is too light. It decreases during surgical anesthesia and becomes absent during excessive depth.
NEW QUESTION # 733
What is the name of the valve that pushes oxygen into a breathing system without releasing additional anesthetic agent?
Answer: C
Explanation:
The flush valve forces oxygen into the circuit without releasing the additional anesthetic agent. Caution must be exercised when using the flush valve since it quickly increases the pressure within the circuit.
Incorrect terms include pop-off valve, mitral valve, and Bain circuit.
NEW QUESTION # 734
A five-year-old MN pitbull mix presented to the hospital after receiving multiple bite wounds and punctures. He had been attacked by two smaller dogs and a large mixed-breed Mastiff. He was lucky to have survived. He was stabilized and, luckily, had mostly superficial or minor wounds. Once stabilized, he was anesthetized for wound evaluation and closure when warranted. Several punctures were left open to drain and heal by second intention. Two wounds were lacerations and repaired surgically. A third wound had significant penetration depth, and the location on the dorsal lumbar area had a lot of dead space and pocketing. The veterinarian was concerned that a drain was warranted. A drain was placed. The pet recovered without incident and was to be discharged the next morning. He was kept overnight on IV fluids and pain management. You are set to discharge the patient, and in addition to normal post-operative care instructions with incisional checks, exercise restrictions, e-collar recommendations, and related materials, you discuss at-home drain care with the owner.
All of the following are true regarding drain care, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
Drain care is critical as it can mean the difference between infection and healing properly.
The owner must be cautioned that the drain is open and may leave discharge in the home.
The owner should use warm water soaks with gauze or a similar material several times a day and gently remove any serous discharge gathered around the drain hole and on the skin. We want to remove this regularly to prevent scalding and a potential means of egress for bacteria.
Proper drain hole care is crucial to prevent infection, skin scalding, and improving the chance of wound repair success.
In addition to normal exercise restrictions, patients living with other animals may need to be separated until the drain is removed if those pets groom them or are licking at the drain sites, which will delay healing.
Ensure that the patient is wearing an e-collar at all times to protect all the wounds, including those surgically repaired and those left open. The e-collar will prevent accidental removal if the pet can reach the drain. However, if the pet pulls out the drain, ensure the owner knows to try to find the drain pieces and to call the office or bring the pet in. We may need to take radiographs to see if any of the drain remains in the deeper tissue. If it does, this can become a nidus for immune system response or infection and may need surgical removal. Furthermore, the pet could have swallowed sufficient pieces of the drain. Depending on the patient's size and amount ingested, it could be at risk for obstruction.
We recommend applying petroleum jelly or a similar product to the area around the drain (after cleaning and drying the site). This helps to further dry and protect the skin. This lessens the risk of scalding or irritation and can help clean any discharge. We do not recommend antibiotic ointments. The pet will be on oral antibiotics, given the degree of bite wounds and risk of infection. We do not want to increase the chance of antimicrobial resistance by applying a topical antimicrobial, as it isn't warranted prophylactically.
Advise the owner that we expect serous discharge for the next one to three days or so until the drain is removed, and explain what that is and what it looks like. The owner should see a decrease in the amount of discharge or none at all. If, however, the discharge changes color, becomes thick, develops an odor, or other abnormality, this could mean the prescribed antibiotics aren't sufficient and an infection has developed. Were this to occur, the pet should be seen right away.
NEW QUESTION # 735
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