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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: MPLS and VPN Technologies | - MPLS fundamentals
|
| Topic 2: BGP and Internet Routing | - BGP fundamentals
|
| Topic 3: Advanced Routing Protocols | - IS-IS Routing Protocol
|
| Topic 4: IPv6 and Network Services | - Network services
|
| Topic 5: Network Design and Troubleshooting | - Troubleshooting methods
|
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NEW QUESTION # 220
On the OSPF network shown in the figure, the cost values of links are marked. OSPF IP FRR is enabled on R1. The primary path from R1 to 10.0.3.3/32 is R1 - > R2 - > R3, and the backup path is R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
To determine whether the statement is true or false, we need to analyze the OSPF network, the cost values of the links, the primary and backup paths, and the role of OSPF IP Fast Reroute (FRR) enabled on R1. Let's break it down step by step:
* Understanding the Network Topology and Costs:
* The network consists of four routers: R1, R2, R3, and R4.
* The destination network is 10.0.3.3/32, located at R3.
* The link costs are as follows:
* R1 to R2: Cost = 10
* R1 to R4: Cost = 10
* R4 to R2: Cost = 20
* R2 to R3: Cost = 5
* The total cost of a path is the sum of the costs of all links in that path.
* Calculating the Primary Path Cost (R1 - > R2 - > R3):
* Path: R1 - > R2 (cost = 10) - > R3 (cost = 5)
* Total cost = 10 + 5 = 15
* This is the shortest path (lowest cost) from R1 to R3, as stated in the question. OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest path based on link costs, so R1 will naturally select R1
- > R2 - > R3 as the primary path to reach 10.0.3.3/32.
* Calculating the Backup Path Cost (R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3):
* Path: R1 - > R4 (cost = 10) - > R2 (cost = 20) - > R3 (cost = 5)
* Total cost = 10 + 20 + 5 = 35
* This path has a higher cost (35) compared to the primary path (15), which is expected for a backup path. The backup path is not used under normal conditions but is precomputed for fast failover in case the primary path fails.
* Role of OSPF IP Fast Reroute (FRR):
* OSPF IP FRR is a mechanism designed to provide fast convergence in case of link or node failures by precomputing backup paths. When enabled on R1, FRR ensures that R1 has a precomputed backup path to quickly switch traffic to an alternate route (e.g., R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3) if the primary path (R1 - > R2 - > R3) fails.
* FRR typically uses Loop-Free Alternates (LFA) or other techniques to ensure the backup path does not create loops and is immediately available. In this case, the backup path R1 - > R4 - > R2
- > R3 is valid because:
* It does not loop back to R1.
* It reaches R3, the destination.
* The cost (35) is higher than the primary path (15), but this is acceptable for a backup path.
* The question states that OSPF IP FRR is enabled on R1, and the backup path is explicitly given as R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3. This aligns with FRR's purpose of maintaining a precomputed backup path.
* Verifying the Statement:
* The statement claims: "The primary path from R1 to 10.0.3.3/32 is R1 - > R2 - > R3, and the backup path is R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3."
* We calculated that the primary path (R1 - > R2 - > R3) has a cost of 15, which is the shortest path and correct for OSPF's behavior.
* The backup path (R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3) has a cost of 35, which is higher but valid as a backup path, especially with OSPF IP FRR enabled on R1 to ensure fast failover.
* Both paths are correctly identified in the question, and OSPF IP FRR's presence on R1 supports the existence of a precomputed backup path. Therefore, the statement is accurate.
* Conclusion:
* The primary path (R1 - > R2 - > R3) and backup path (R1 - > R4 - > R2 - > R3) are correctly described, and OSPF IP FRR on R1 ensures the backup path is precomputed and ready for use.
Thus, the statement is true.
References (Based on HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology Concepts):
* OSPF Path Calculation: HCIP-Datacom documentation on OSPF's Dijkstra algorithm and cost-based path selection (e.g., Section on OSPF Routing Metrics).
* OSPF IP Fast Reroute (FRR): HCIP-Datacom coverage of FRR mechanisms, including Loop-Free Alternates and backup path computation (e.g., Chapter on OSPF Advanced Features and High Availability).
* Link Cost and Path Optimization: HCIP-Datacom explanation of link cost configuration and OSPF path selection (e.g., Section on OSPF Network Design and Optimization).
Based on the provided image and the context of the HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology exam, I'll format and answer the question you've shared. I'll ensure the response is accurate, detailed, and aligned with the official HCIP-Datacom documentation, while correcting any typos and providing a comprehensive explanation. Since you've only provided one question in the image, I'll address it in the requested format. If there are additional questions, please share them, and I'll format and answer them similarly.
NEW QUESTION # 221
On the network shown in the figure, EBGP peer relationships are established between neighboring routers through directly connected interfaces.
* The router ID of each router is 10.0.X.X, and the AS number is 6500X, where X is the number of the router.
* Both R1 and R4 have static routes to 192.168.1.0/24, which are imported to BGP through the import- route command.
* The aggregate 192.168.1.0/16 detail-suppressed command is configured on R2.
Which of the following is the path for traffic from R3 to 192.168.1.0/24?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
Understanding the BGP Network Topology in the Question:
* EBGP Peering & Route Distribution
* Each router forms EBGP peer relationships with directly connected neighbors.
* BGP learns and propagates routes via EBGP neighbors.
* R1 and R4 advertise the static route 192.168.1.0/24 into BGP.
* Effect of the aggregate 192.168.1.0/16 detail-suppressed Command on R2
* R2 performs BGP route aggregation, summarizing 192.168.1.0/24 into a larger 192.168.1.0/16 route.
* The detail-suppressed option hides the more specific 192.168.1.0/24 prefix when advertising routes.
* As a result, R2 does not advertise the specific 192.168.1.0/24 route to its neighbors.
Route Selection and Traffic Flow Analysis:
* R1 and R4 originate 192.168.1.0/24 and advertise it via BGP.
* R2 does not advertise the 192.168.1.0/24 route because of the detail-suppressed command.
* R3 cannot learn the specific route from R2, so it must choose an alternative path via R5.
* R5 learns 192.168.1.0/24 from R1 and advertises it to R3.
* Thus, the best available path for R3 to reach 192.168.1.0/24 is R3 # R5 # R1.
# Correct Path: R3 # R5 # R1
Checking Each Option:
# Option A: R3 # R5 # R1 (Correct)
* R3 learns 192.168.1.0/24 from R5, and R5 forwards traffic to R1, which has the static route.
# Option B: R3 # R2 # R1 (Incorrect)
* R2 does not advertise 192.168.1.0/24 due to route summarization (detail-suppressed), so R3 cannot use R2 as the next hop.
# Option C: R3 # R6 # R5 # R1 (Incorrect)
* This is an unnecessary detour.
* R3 has a direct EBGP connection with R5, so it will use the shortest path (R3 # R5 # R1) instead of going through R6.
# Option D: R3 # R5 # R4 (Incorrect)
* R3 prefers the shortest AS path to reach 192.168.1.0/24.
* Since R1 and R4 both advertise the route, R3 will prefer the route via R5 to R1 rather than R4.
Final Conclusion:
# A. The correct path for traffic from R3 to 192.168.1.0/24 is R3 # R5 # R1.
Thus, the correct answer is: A.
Reference:
HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0 - BGP Route Aggregation and Detail Suppression Huawei Official HCIP-Datacom Study Guide - BGP Best Path Selection and Aggregation Rules Huawei Documentation on BGP Route Summarization and Impact on Routing Decisions
NEW QUESTION # 222
On the network shown in the figure, EBGP peer relationships are established between neighboring routers through directly connected interfaces.
* The router ID of each router is 10.0.X.X, and the AS number is 6500X, where X is the number of the router.
* Both R1 and R4 have static routes to 192.168.1.0/24, which are imported to BGP through the import-route command.
Which of the following statements are true?
Answer: A,B,C,D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
Understanding the BGP Network Topology in the Question:
* EBGP Peering
* Each router forms EBGP peer relationships with directly connected neighbors.
* This is a fully meshed topology, meaning each router exchanges BGP routes with its adjacent routers.
* Routing Information for 192.168.1.0/24
* R1 and R4 import the static route 192.168.1.0/24 into BGP.
* Since BGP prefers the shortest AS path, traffic to 192.168.1.0/24 will follow the shortest path to R1 or R4.
Route Analysis for Each Statement:
Statement A: R6 # R5 # R4 # (Correct)
* R6 does not have a direct route to 192.168.1.0/24, so it must rely on BGP advertisements from its EBGP neighbors.
* R5 learns the route to 192.168.1.0/24 from R4.
* Therefore, R6 forwards traffic to R5, and then R5 sends it to R4.
# Correct path: R6 # R5 # R4
Statement B: R5 # R4 # (Correct)
* R5 is directly connected to R4, and since R4 advertises the 192.168.1.0/24 route via BGP,
* R5 will forward traffic directly to R4 as the shortest AS path.
# Correct path: R5 # R4
Statement C: R2 # R1 # (Correct)
* R2 is directly connected to R1 and learns the 192.168.1.0/24 route from R1 via BGP.
* Since R1 advertises the static route, R2 forwards traffic directly to R1.
# Correct path: R2 # R1
Statement D: R3 # R2 # R1 # (Correct)
* R3 is directly connected to R2 and learns the 192.168.1.0/24 route from R2 via BGP.
* Since R2 prefers R1 as the shortest AS path to 192.168.1.0/24,
* R3 will send traffic to R2, and R2 will send it to R1.
# Correct path: R3 # R2 # R1
Final Conclusion:
# A. The path for traffic from R6 to 192.168.1.0/24 is R6 # R5 # R4.# B. The path for traffic from R5 to
192.168.1.0/24 is R5 # R4.# C. The path for traffic from R2 to 192.168.1.0/24 is R2 # R1.# D. The path for traffic from R3 to 192.168.1.0/24 is R3 # R2 # R1.
Thus, the correct answers are: A, B, C, D.
NEW QUESTION # 223
On the network shown in the figure, IS-IS runs on Rl, R2, R4, and R5, and the area ID is 49.0001. IS-IS runs on R3 and R6, and the area ID is 49.0002. In AS 65000, Ri, R3, R4, and R6 each establish IBGP peer relationships with R2 and R5. R2 and R5 are RRs, and Rl, R4, R3, and R6 are clients. The IBGP peer relationships are established using LoopbackO. The IP address of LoopbackO on each router is 10.0.X.X/32, and the router ID is 10.0.X.X, where X is the number of the router. Rl and R4 import the external route
192.168.1.0/24 to BGP through the import-route command, and R3 and R6 import the external route
192.168.2.0/24 to BGP through the import-route command. Which of the following statements are true?
Answer: A,B,C,D
NEW QUESTION # 224
On the IS-IS network shown in the figure, R1 imports a default route using the default-route-advertise always level-1 command. Which of the following routers have the default route in their routing tables?
Answer: A,B,C
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:
Understanding the IS-IS Network Structure in the Question:
* Router Roles & IS-IS Levels:
* R1 and R3: Level-1 routers.
* R2: Level-1-2 router (interconnects Level-1 and Level-2 areas).
* R4: Level-2 router.
* Key Command Used: default-route-advertise always level-1
* This command forces R1 to advertise a default route (0.0.0.0/0) to all Level-1 routers.
* In an IS-IS network:
* Level-1 routers do not see Level-2 routes unless a default route is provided.
* The default route is propagated only within the Level-1 area and does not affect Level-2 routers unless explicitly redistributed.
Route Distribution Analysis:
* R1 (Level-1) imports the default route and advertises it to all Level-1 routers.# R1 has the default route.
* R3 (Level-1) is in the same Level-1 area as R1, so it receives the default route from R1.# R3 has the default route.
* R2 (Level-1-2) connects Level-1 and Level-2. Since it participates in Level-1, it also learns the default route from R1.# R2 has the default route.
* R4 (Level-2) is not in Level-1 and does not receive the default route unless it is explicitly redistributed from Level-1 to Level-2, which is not stated in the question.# R4 does NOT have the default route.
Final Conclusion:
* R1, R2, and R3 have the default route.
* R4 does not have the default route.
Thus, the correct answer is:
# R1, R2, and R3 have the default route in their routing tables.
Reference:
HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology V1.0 - IS-IS Default Route Advertisement Huawei Official HCIP-Datacom Study Guide - IS-IS Level-1 and Level-2 Routing Concepts Huawei Documentation on default-route-advertise always level-1 Command
NEW QUESTION # 225
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