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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Asymmetric Encryption | - RSA and ECC fundamentals - Public key cryptography principles |
| Topic 2: Hash Functions and Message Authentication | - MAC and HMAC mechanisms - Cryptographic hash functions (e.g., SHA family concepts) |
| Topic 3: Key Management and PKI | - Key exchange and lifecycle management - Certificates, certificate authorities, and PKI structure |
| Topic 4: Foundations of Cryptography | - Historical and modern cryptography principles - Core concepts of confidentiality, integrity, authentication, non-repudiation |
| Topic 5: Symmetric Encryption | - AES and legacy algorithms (e.g., DES conceptually) - Block and stream ciphers |
| Topic 6: Cryptographic Protocols and Applications | - TLS/SSL conceptual overview - Secure communication design principles |
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NEW QUESTION # 70
(What describes how Counter (CTR) mode encryption functions?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
CTR mode turns a block cipher (like AES) into a stream-like construction by generating a keystream from successive encryptions of a changing input block. Specifically, CTR forms input blocks using a nonce (unique per message) combined with an increasing counter. Each nonce||counter block is encrypted with the block cipher under the shared key, producing a pseudorandom output block. That output is then XORed with plaintext to yield ciphertext (and XORed with ciphertext to recover plaintext). This design enables parallelization (blocks can be generated independently), efficient random access decryption, and avoids chaining dependencies seen in modes like CBC. Option B describes CFB-like behavior; option C describes ECB; option D describes CBC. CTR's security critically depends on never reusing the same nonce/counter sequence with the same key, because reuse would repeat keystream blocks and expose plaintext relationships.
Therefore, the correct description is that CTR converts the block cipher into a stream cipher using a counter value and a nonce.
NEW QUESTION # 71
(Which mechanism can be applied to protect the integrity of plaintext when using AES?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
AES by itself is a symmetric block cipher that provides confidentiality, but not guaranteed integrity unless used in an authenticated mode. To protect integrity of the plaintext (ensuring it has not been altered), a Message Authentication Code (MAC) can be applied. In the classic Encrypt-then-MAC pattern, the sender encrypts the plaintext with AES and then computes a MAC (often HMAC-SHA-256 or CMAC-AES) over the ciphertext (and relevant headers). The receiver verifies the MAC before attempting decryption, preventing tampering and many padding-oracle style vulnerabilities.
Alternatively, AES can be used in an AEAD mode like AES-GCM, which produces an authentication tag serving a similar purpose, but among the listed options the general integrity mechanism is "MAC." RC4 is an unrelated stream cipher and does not provide integrity. RSA is asymmetric and not the standard integrity add-on for AES-encrypted bulk data. Kerberos is an authentication protocol and key distribution system, not a message integrity primitive. Therefore, to protect plaintext integrity when using AES, the correct mechanism is a Message Authentication Code.
NEW QUESTION # 72
(What is lattice-based cryptography?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Lattice-based cryptography refers to cryptographic constructions whose security is based on the computational hardness of problems on mathematical lattices (regular grids of points in high-dimensional space). Examples of hard lattice problems include the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and Closest Vector Problem (CVP), and practical schemes often use related problems like Learning With Errors (LWE) or Ring- LWE. These problems are believed to remain hard even for quantum computers, making lattice-based cryptography a major candidate family for post-quantum cryptography. Lattice schemes can support encryption, digital signatures, and key exchange, often with strong security reductions (worst-case to average- case) and efficient implementations. The word "lattice" here is not about simple point encoding; it's about relying on geometric/algebraic structures and noise-based hardness assumptions. It is also unrelated to blockchain "options." While many lattice schemes do involve modular arithmetic internally, what defines the category is the underlying lattice hardness assumptions, not modular arithmetic alone. Therefore, the correct definition is a cryptographic scheme based on geometric lattices.
NEW QUESTION # 73
(A security analyst is using 3DES for data encryption. Which 3DES key size is valid?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
3DES (Triple DES) applies the DES block cipher three times to increase effective security, and its commonly cited valid key sizes correspond to how many independent DES keys are used. Two-key
3DES uses two 56-bit DES keys (K1 and K2) in an EDE sequence (Encrypt with K1, Decrypt with K2, Encrypt with K1), yielding 112 bits of keying material (ignoring parity bits). Three-key 3DES uses three independent 56-bit keys for a total of 168 bits of keying material, but that option is not listed here.
A 56-bit key corresponds to single DES, not 3DES. 128-bit is associated with AES, not 3DES. 2,048-bit is typical for RSA keys, not symmetric ciphers. Therefore, among the choices provided, 112-bit is a valid 3DES key size. While 3DES is now deprecated for many uses due to its 64-bit block size and performance limitations, understanding its keying options remains important for legacy system assessment.
NEW QUESTION # 74
(A company wants to use certificates issued by a root CA to demonstrate to customers that it is a legitimate company being hosted by a cloud provider. Who needs to trust the root CA public key?)
Answer: C
Explanation:
In a public key infrastructure, trust in a certificate ultimately depends on the relying party's trust anchor set-typically the root CA certificates preinstalled in a customer's browser/OS trust store. For customers to accept the company's certificate as legitimate, the buyer (customer) must trust the root CA public key (or an intermediate chained to it) so they can validate the certificate chain and signatures. The seller (the company) also must trust and rely on the root CA public key to build and present a valid chain and to make operational decisions based on that CA's issuance and revocation mechanisms; practically, the seller selects a CA whose root is widely trusted by customers. The cloud provider's trust is not what makes the certificate valid to customers; the provider may terminate TLS or pass traffic through, but customer validation is based on the chain to a trusted root. Government agencies like the FTC are not part of the cryptographic trust path for TLS certificate validation.
Therefore, among the given options, the correct pairing is the seller and the buyer, reflecting both the issuer selection/usage by the company and the relying-party validation by customers.
NEW QUESTION # 75
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