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CIPS L4M1 Exam Syllabus Topics:

SectionObjectives
Stakeholders and Governance- Corporate governance in procurement
  • 1. Organisational controls and audit requirements
    • 2. Accountability and transparency principles
      - Internal and external stakeholders
      • 1. Stakeholder identification and mapping
        • 2. Managing stakeholder expectations
          Ethics and Sustainability in Procurement- Ethical procurement practices
          • 1. Anti-corruption and fraud prevention
            • 2. Code of conduct and ethical decision-making
              - Sustainable sourcing
              • 1. Environmental impact considerations
                • 2. Social responsibility in supply chains
                  Supply Markets and Risk- Supply market dynamics
                  • 1. Supplier power and dependency analysis
                    • 2. Market structure and competition
                      - Risk in supply chains
                      • 1. Risk mitigation strategies
                        • 2. Risk identification and assessment
                          Scope of Procurement and Supply Function- Procurement cycle overview
                          • 1. Interaction with internal stakeholders
                            • 2. From requisition to contract management
                              - Role and objectives of procurement
                              • 1. Strategic sourcing and supplier management
                                • 2. Value for money and cost efficiency
                                  External Business Environment Influences- Political, legal, and regulatory environment
                                  • 1. Government policies affecting supply chains
                                    • 2. Trade regulations and compliance requirements
                                      - Macroeconomic factors affecting procurement and supply
                                      • 1. Globalisation and international trade influences
                                        • 2. Economic cycles and market conditions

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                                          CIPS Scope and Influence of Procurement and Supply Sample Questions (Q13-Q18):

                                          NEW QUESTION # 13
                                          Describe the CIPS Code of Conduct providing examples of how an organisation can ensure compliance with the standard (25 points)

                                          Answer:

                                          Explanation:
                                          See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
                                          Explanation:
                                          How to approach this question:
                                          - This is the type of question you either know or you don't. You can't really guess it. So do memorise it.
                                          There's not really a shortcut here.
                                          - The CIPS Code of Conduct is an ethical standard and framework which is used profession-wise. The purpose is to standardise ethics across the profession.
                                          - There are 5 aspects to the Code of Conduct: enhance and protect the standing of the profession, promote the eradication of unethical business practices, maintain integrity in all business relationships, enhance proficiency and stature of the profession and ensure full compliance with law and regulations.
                                          Example Essay:
                                          The Chartered Institute of Procurement & Supply (CIPS) Code of Conduct is a comprehensive set of principles and standards that guide the ethical conduct of procurement and supply professionals. Adhering to this code is crucial for maintaining integrity, transparency, and responsible behaviour within the procurement profession. Here's an overview of the CIPS Code of Conduct along with examples of how organizations can ensure compliance with these standards:
                                          1 - Enhance and protect the standing of the profession.
                                          This means don't bring the profession into disrepute by your actions, don't accept gifts or offers of hospitality and to be aware that behaviour outside work reflects one's reputation as a professional. An organisation can implement training programs to educate procurement professionals about the importance of maintaining high standards of professionalism and integrity in their interactions with suppliers and stakeholders.
                                          2 - Promote the eradication of unethical business practices.
                                          This means fostering awareness of human rights, fraud and corruption issues in business relationships, responsibly managing business relationships if unethical practices come to light, undertaking due diligence (in respect to forced labour, fraud, corruption) and continually develop one's own personal knowledge of ethical issues. Promoting the eradication of unethical business practices requires a comprehensive and proactive approach from organizations. This involves having a strong CSR policy, having whistleblowing protection and reporting mechanisms, and conducting due diligence on the supply chain.
                                          3 - Maintain integrity in all business relationships.
                                          An organisation can show compliance with this by; rejecting improper business practices, never using authority for personal gain, declaring conflicts of interest, giving accurate information, not breaching confidentiality, striving for genuine, fair and transparent competition and being truthful about skills and experience. An example of this is for an organisation to sever ties with unethical businesses. One notable example of a retailer terminating a relationship with a supplier due to ethical reasons is the case of H&M and its decision to cut ties with a Chinese yarn producer in Xinjiang province. H&M, a global fashion retailer, announced in early 2021 that it would no longer source cotton from Xinjiang due to concerns over forced labour and human rights abuses associated with cotton production in the region.
                                          4 - Enhance proficiency and stature of the profession.
                                          Activities which would demonstrate compliance with this includes: Continual development of knowledge and skills, fostering the highest standards of competence in staff members at the organisation and optimising the responsible use of resources. For procurement staff, this could involve becoming MCIPS qualified, and even once qualified, completing routine CPD (Continued Professional Development) to ensure their knowledge and skills remain updated and relevant. They should also strive to share their knowledge with the wider organisation.
                                          5 - Ensure full compliance with law and regulations.
                                          An organisation can demonstrate compliance with the standard by proving they: follow the law in all countries they do business in, fulfilling all contractual obligations and following the CIPS guidance on professional practice. Compliance can include aspects of fiduciary responsibility such as paying the correct level of tax and filing returns on time, as well as compliance to legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Equalities Act 2000.
                                          In conclusion, the CIPS Code of Conduct is a voluntary standard for organisations to follow but it sets a high standard for the industry. By following the CIPS Code of Conduct organisations can enhance their reputation and levels of trust among stakeholders, as well as being reassured that following these clear ethical guidelines contribute to a positive workplace culture, boosting employee morale and commitment by fostering a sense of shared values.
                                          Tutor Notes:
                                          - Under the previous syllabus CIPS asked this question a lot. If you memorise one thing from the study guide I'd recommend it be this. Even if it doesn't come up as a stand-alone question, you can work it into more general essays about ethics- so it is useful to know.
                                          - For a top score, try to give deep examples. So where you have said 'responsibly managing business relationships' you could explain what this means in practice- by ensuring fair contract terms are put in place, holding suppliers to account when they do something wrong and not exploiting smaller suppliers. Where you have said 'complete Due Diligence' you could mention that this would be completed before awarding a contract to a supplier and would involve looking at a supplier's history and supply chain to ensure that they have not been involved in any crimes (fraud etc) or unethical behaviour (such as polluting the environment).
                                          The more in depth you go, the more you show the examiner your understanding, and the higher you'll score.
                                          - p. 137 or here: Cips Code of Conduct | CIPS Note the study guide talks on p. 132 about the CIPS Code of Ethics, which is slightly different. The Code of Conduct is the main one to learn.


                                          NEW QUESTION # 14
                                          What is a Code of Ethics? What should an Ethical Policy Contain? What measures can an organisation take if there is a breach of their Ethical Policy? (25 points)

                                          Answer:

                                          Explanation:
                                          See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
                                          Explanation:
                                          - Firstly give a short definition of Code of Ethics: a document that sets out moral principles or values about what is right and wrong.
                                          - What an Ethical Policy should contain: Condition of workers, Environment, H+S, Discrimination, Gift / Bribery Policy, Whistleblowing, Confidentiality, Fair Dealings, Declaration of Conflict of Interests. You won't have time to go into depth on all of these, so pick a few where you want to give an example.
                                          - Measures to take if there is a breach: depending on what the breach is and who breached it this could include:
                                          education/ training, sanctions, blacklisting, reporting to authorities, publicise the issue, use a performance improvement plan, issue warnings, dismissal.
                                          Example Essay:
                                          A code of ethics is a formal document or set of principles that outlines the values, ethical standards, and expected conduct for individuals within an organization. It serves as a guide for employees and stakeholders, shaping their behaviour and decision-making to align with the organization's ethical framework. It may take the form of a Mission Statement, Core Values, Specific Guidelines or established reporting mechanisms. The purpose of the Code is to establish standards, promote integrity, mitigate risks and build trust- with both internal and external stakeholders.
                                          A Code of Ethics may contain the following:
                                          - Condition of workers - stating what the company will provide to the employees to make sure the environment is safe. This could include the physical environment but also hours worked, opportunities for breaks etc. Depending on the sector it could detail shift patterns, expectations regarding overtime and compensation.
                                          - Environment - this section would discuss compliance with legislation regarding pollution, disposal of waste materials etc. Depending on the company's goals- they may have higher commitments to the environment than those imposed by the government. Additional commitments may include NetZero targets or the use of renewable sources of energy.
                                          - H+S- Health and Safety. Ensuring that the working environment is free of hazards and that workers have the training and equipment they need to complete the work safely. E.g. PPE
                                          - Discrimination- a promise not to discriminate based on any characteristic. Aligns with the Equalities Act.
                                          Policy should include how the company would handle situations, for example if an employee reports an issue of discrimination or harassment. This may involve the use of a whistleblowing hotline or details on how to contact HR.
                                          - Gift / Bribery Policy - this area of the code of conduct would explain whether the company allows staff members to receive gifts (e.g. from suppliers) and the processes to complete if they do (e.g. return the item, complete an internal document, donate the gift to charity). Different companies and industries will have different rules surrounding this, the Public Sector is much more likely to reject gifts from suppliers for example.
                                          - Declaration of conflict of interests- this explains what staff should do if there is a conflict. For example if they are running a tender and their father owns one of the suppliers who is bidding for the work. The conflict of interest policy will explain what the person should do, how to report it and have mechanisms in place to ensure that nothing untoward could come of the situation. This may be having another member of staff mark the tender to ensure unbiasedness.
                                          Measures to take in case of a breach
                                          A response to a breach will depend on who breached the policy - whether this is an employee or a supplier. It will also depend on the severity of the breach.
                                          Remedies for a supplier breach could include: education / training if the breach is minor. Supplier development if the relationship with the supplier is very important (for example if there are no other suppliers the buyer could turn to) and the breach is minor. If the breach is major such as fraud or misappropriation of funds, a buyer could look to issue sanctions, claim damages and dismiss the supplier. There could be options to claim liquidated damages if this is included in the contract. For very serious offenses the buyer may blacklist the supplier- never use them ever again and could also report the issue to the police if the breech is also criminal (e.g. modern slavery or fraud).
                                          Remedies for an employee breach could include: for minor breaches training may be required, particularly if it was a junior member of the team and it was an innocent mistake like forgetting to fill out a form when they received a Gift. The employee could be carefully monitored and put on an Improvement Plan. If internal issues are found, such as several staff are breaching the Code of Ethics, senior management could look to review policies to make sure issues are being flagged and responded to in the best way. Employees who fail to follow the Ethical Policy, either through routinely failing to adhere to it or through a major breach could be dismissed from the organisation. There would need to be strong evidence of this.
                                          In conclusion it is important for all organisations regardless of size of industry to have an Ethics Policy.
                                          Sharing the code of ethics with staff is a fundamental step in embedding ethical principles into the organizational culture. Regular communication and training reinforce these principles, fostering a shared commitment to ethical behaviour across all levels of the organization.
                                          Tutor Notes
                                          - In an essay like this it's always a good example to use examples. They can be hypothetical - you don't have to know any company's Ethics policy off by heart. E.g. If a supplier breached a buyer's Ethical Policy by employing Child Labour in their factories, an appropriate measure for the buyer to take would be to cancel the contract and find another supplier. This is because not only is Child Labour illegal, the buyer will not want to be associated with this supplier as it will have negative repercussions on their image. The best response would therefore be to distance themselves from the supplier.
                                          - Code of Ethics and an Ethics Policy are the same thing. Just different language. The terms can be used interchangeably
                                          - Study guide p. 128


                                          NEW QUESTION # 15
                                          Describe the main characteristics of, and differences between, procuring goods, services and construction works (25 points)

                                          Answer:

                                          Explanation:
                                          See the solution in Explanation part below
                                          Explanation:
                                          - there are a lot of components to this question so I would take a good 5 minutes to write out some bullet points on the characteristics of each one, and on some differences. Then from your notes make this into an essay. The mark scheme isn't 100% clear on how many characteristics and differences you need to name, so try and keep an equal split between the two areas. You would probably need 2-3 characteristics of each, and 3 differences for a good score.
                                          - Characteristics of goods: tangible, homogeneous, items tend not to perish quickly, can be stored
                                          - Characteristics of services: intangible, heterogenous, inseparable (produced and consumed at the same time), no transfer of ownership, perish upon use (i.e. cannot be stored)
                                          - Characteristics of construction work: project-based procurement, includes procuring both goods and services, complex procurement which has its own set of regulations (CDM2015).
                                          - Differences between these
                                          1) goods are not usually outsourced and services can be.
                                          2) Complexity of the supply chain (goods and construction may have a complex supply chains, but service contracts usually only involve 2 parties).
                                          3) Timescales - construction work has a designated timescale but procurement of goods could be a one off or long-term contract, services is usually a long-term contract.
                                          Example Essay
                                          Introduction:
                                          Procurement is a multifaceted field, and understanding the nuances between procuring goods, services, and construction works is pivotal for effective management. This essay explores the main characteristics that differentiate these categories.
                                          Tangible / Intangible:
                                          Goods are tangible items that can be physically seen and touched. For instance, raw materials like wheat and sugar in a manufacturing organization are tangible goods. On the other hand, services are intangible-though the results can be observed, the service itself cannot be touched. An example is a cleaning contract for a factory; while the effects of the cleaning are visible, the service itself remains intangible. Construction is usually a mixture of tangible and intangible procurement; the tangible is the construction materials such as bricks and windows, and the intangible aspect is the labour to complete the project.
                                          Heterogeneous / Homogeneous:
                                          Goods are generally homogeneous, meaning they are always the same. For example, steel purchased for manufacturing purposes will always be the same. In contrast, services are heterogeneous, varying each time they are rendered. Customer service, for instance, is inherently different each time due to the dynamic nature of customer interactions. Construction could be either heterogeneous or homogeneous depending on the project - is it a one off unique building, or is it a large housing estate of same-build properties?
                                          Transfer of Ownership:
                                          When goods are procured, there is a transfer of ownership. The product becomes the property of the buyer upon delivery and payment. In contrast, services do not involve a transfer of ownership as there is no physical entity to transfer. In construction the transfer of ownership is extremely complex and varies depending on the project. Usually the buyer will retain ownership of the land throughout the project, but on some occasions the construction company may take ownership for insurance purposes.
                                          Storable (Separable/ Inseparable):
                                          Goods are storable, allowing for purchase on one day and use on another. For example a factory can buy in plastic to be used to manufacture toys and this is stored in inventory until the time comes to make the toys. However, services are consumed at the point of purchase, making them inseparable. The service is bought and utilized simultaneously. Services cannot be stored. This is the same for construction.
                                          Ability to Outsource:
                                          Goods are rarely outsourced, as they are typically purchased directly from suppliers. Services, on the other hand, can be easily outsourced-examples include outsourcing finance, cleaning, or security services. Construction works are commonly outsourced, with external companies hired to execute projects.
                                          Complexity of the Supply Chain:
                                          Service contracts often involve a simple two-party relationship between the buyer and the supplier. Goods and construction, however, may have complex supply chains. For example, procuring a pen involves a supply chain with various steps, including the raw material supplier, manufacturer, and possibly a wholesaler. Construction works often feature a tiered supply chain with subcontractors playing crucial roles.
                                          Construction as a Hybrid:
                                          Construction procurement represents a hybrid, incorporating elements of both goods and services. It involves hiring a service, such as a bricklayer for laying bricks, while also procuring the tangible goods-bricks. Separating goods from services in construction is challenging, as they are often intertwined, and both aspects are paid for simultaneously.
                                          Conclusion:
                                          In conclusion, distinguishing between the procurement of goods, services, and construction works is essential for effective supply chain management. The tangible or intangible nature, heterogeneity, transfer of ownership, storability, outsourcing potential, and supply chain complexities offer a comprehensive framework for understanding the unique characteristics of each category. Recognizing these distinctions empowers organizations to tailor their procurement strategies to the specific challenges and dynamics associated with goods, services, and construction works.
                                          Tutor Notes
                                          - What a characteristic is can also be a difference. So for example you can say tangible is a characteristic of goods but tangibility is also the main difference between goods and services. So don't worry too much about which order to write stuff in, or doing clear sections for this type of essay. It all comes out in the wash.
                                          - Other differences in procuring these include:
                                          - Costs: procuring goods such as stationary for an office will be low-cost so may not require approval, but a service contract may require management sign off. Procuring construction projects tend to be huge sums of money
                                          - Where the budget comes from: goods and services may be operational expenditure and construction works capital expenditure.
                                          - The level of risk involved in the procurement: goods tends to be quite low risk and construction high risk.
                                          - Types of contract involved: procuring goods may be very simple and just require a PO, services is more complex so may require a formal contract or Deed of Appointment. Construction projects will require a contract due to the high value and high risk of the purchase
                                          - Legislation - Goods = Sale of Goods Act, Construction - CDM Regulations 2015. Construction is much more heavily regulated than services or goods. Note CDM regulations isn't part of CIPS. It's occasionally referenced in various modules but you don't have to really know what it is. Just know it's the main legislation governing the construction industry. Construction - Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015 (hse.gov.uk)
                                          - Study guide LO 1.3.1 p. 40, but mainly p. 52 for services. NOTE the title of this learning outcome includes construction and it is hardly mentioned in the study guide. Most of the above information on construction comes from my own knowledge rather than the book.


                                          NEW QUESTION # 16
                                          What is a P2P system (5 points)? Explain the impact that using IT systems can have on the way the Procurement department of an organisation functions (25 points).

                                          Answer:

                                          Explanation:
                                          See the solution inExplanation partbelow.
                                          Explanation:
                                          - Definition of P2P - Purchase to Pay or Procure to Pay is the process an organisation takes from ordering a product to paying for it. The main stages of this process are product ordering, supplier requisition to pay, budget authorisation, receipt of delivery, and invoice processing.
                                          - Impact of using IT Systems - can include the use of these systems: EPOS, barcodes/ RDIF, e-commerce systems such as POs and invoicing, and electronic communications such as email. Impacts can be; increased productivity, quicker processes, higher levels of visibility, increased responsiveness to demands, cost savings, less paper used, supplier relationships are managed virtually rather than in person. Generally the impacts are positive, but you could also discuss some disadvantages or challenges a department might face as the question is quite open.
                                          Example Essay
                                          A Procure-to-Pay system is a comprehensive solution that automates and integrates the procurement process within an organization, covering the entire lifecycle from requisitioning goods or services to making payments to suppliers.
                                          The P2P process includes the following: a buyer requests an item, they put in a requisition, it is accepted by the supplier, the item is delivered and the item is then paid for. The order of the steps may be different depending on the industry / requirement (e.g. sometimes payment is made before delivery), or sometimes there are additional steps such as getting the requisition approved by a manager.
                                          Nowadays the P2P process is mainly digitalised- orders are made online or via a PO system and payment is made via BACS. It is not common to pay for items in cash or bycheque any more. This digitalisation has had many effects on the way the procurement department functions. The P2P system streamlines and standardizes the purchasing process, enhancing efficiency, transparency, and control.
                                          The integration of Information Technology (IT) systems has a profound impact on the functioning of the Procurement department within an organization. This digital transformation brings about significant improvements in efficiency, transparency, collaboration, and decision-making processes. Some of the key impacts include:
                                          - Raised productivity - using IT systems results in quicker processes and they're often more accurate and consistent than humans doing the tasks manually. For example, an electronic requisition system can flag when a requisition isn't completed properly (e.g. part of the requisition is missing or a supplier name has been spelled incorrectly). When doing this manually the errors may not be spotted.
                                          - Innovation - the use of IT means new avenues can be explored in terms of new product markets and new supply chains. Without the use of IT, procurement may be limited to working with local suppliers or those they can find in the phone book. Using IT systems such as e-auctions and even just the internet to complete research, opens up more opportunities to make purchases. This could involve working with international supply chains and result in cost savings for the business.
                                          - Improved business processes - the use of IT means there is more transparency as everything is recorded and it is easier for managers to oversee. This results in less risk exposure for the business, particularly in fraud.
                                          The use of IT also standardises processes which makes it easy for everyone to know what to do.
                                          - When IT is used, there is an increased responsiveness of the procurement function - it allows for 24/7/365 ordering compared to making purchases in person in a shop which may only be open 9-5. Moreover , there are paperless communications when IT is used- this has a positive environmental impact
                                          - Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) - IT systems support Supplier Relationship Management by providing tools to assess and manage supplier performance. This can include logging KPIs and tracking supplier performance. SRM functionalities enhance communication, collaboration, and visibility into supplier relationships.
                                          In summary, the integration of IT systems into the Procurement department transforms traditional practices, making processes more streamlined, data-driven, and strategically focused. The impact is not only on operational efficiency but also on the ability of the procurement function to contribute strategically to the organization's overall objectives.
                                          Tutor Notes
                                          - The word impact is quite vague. I've mainly talked about advantages but you could discuss the impact that the use of IT has had on the department, not just in how it functions, but in how it is perceived. IT has professionalised the procurement industry as a whole- it's no longer seen as 'purchasing' but as a vital function within a business that contributes to added value and strategic goals.
                                          - You could also talk about the impact it's had on ways of working. The use of IT has allowed for innovative procurement and manufacturing techniques such as Just-In-Time.The use of IT also ends silo-working, instead allowing for more collaboration with other business departments and the supply chain as a whole.
                                          - LO 3.4 P. 171


                                          NEW QUESTION # 17
                                          Provide a definition of a stakeholder (5 points) and describe 3 categories of stakeholders (20 points).

                                          Answer:

                                          Explanation:
                                          See the solution in Explanation part below
                                          Explanation:
                                          Essay Plan:
                                          Definition of Stakeholder- someone who has a 'stake' or interest in the company. A person or organisation who influences and can be influenced by the company.
                                          Categories of stakeholders:
                                          1) Internal Stakeholders- these people work inside the company e.g. employees, managers etc
                                          2) Connected- these people work with the company e.g. suppliers, mortgage lenders
                                          3) External Stakeholders - these people are outside of the company e.g. the government, professional bodies, the local community.
                                          Example Essay:
                                          A stakeholder is an individual, group, or entity that has a vested interest or concern in the activities, decisions, or outcomes of an organization or project. Stakeholders are those who can be affected by or can affect the organization, and they play a crucial role in influencing its success, sustainability, and reputation. Understanding and managing stakeholder relationships is a fundamental aspect of effective organizational governance and decision-making and there are several different types of stakeholders.
                                          Firstly, internal stakeholders are those individuals or groups directly connected to the daily operations and management of the organization. Internal stakeholders are key to success and are arguably more vested in the company succeeding. They may depend on the company for their income / livelihood. Anyone who contributes to the company's internal functions can be considered an internal stakeholder for example:
                                          This category includes
                                          1) Employees: With a direct influence on the organization's success, employees are critical internal stakeholders. Their engagement, satisfaction, and productivity impact the overall performance.
                                          2) Management and Executives: The leadership team has a significant influence on the organization's strategic direction and decision-making. Their decisions can shape the company's future.
                                          Secondly, connected stakeholders are those individuals or groups whose interests are tied to the organization but may not be directly involved in its day-to-day operations. Connected stakeholders work alongside the organisation and often have a contractual relationship with the organisation. For example, banks, mortgage lenders, and suppliers. These stakeholders have an interest in the business succeeding, but not as much as internal stakeholders. It is important to keep these stakeholders satisfied as the organisation does depend on them to some extent. For example, it is important that the organisation has a good relationship with their bank / mortgage provider/ supplier as failing to pay what they owe may result in the stakeholders taking legal action against the organisation.
                                          This category includes:
                                          1) Shareholders/Investors: Holding financial stakes in the organization, shareholders seek a return on their investment and have a vested interest in the company's financial performance.
                                          2) Suppliers and Partners: External entities providing goods, services, or collaboration. Their relationship with the organization impacts the quality and efficiency of its operations.
                                          Lastly external stakeholders are entities outside the organization that can influence or be influenced by its actions. This category includes anyone who is affected by the company but who does not contribute to internal operations. They have less power to influence decisions than internal and connected stakeholders. External stakeholders include the government, professional bodies, pressure groups and the local community. They have quite diverse objectives and have varying ability to influence the organisation. For example, the government may be able to influence the organisation by passing legislation that regulates the industry but they do not have the power to get involved in the day-to-day affairs of the company. Pressure groups may have varying degrees of success in influencing the organisation depending on the subject matter. This category includes:
                                          1) Customers: With a direct impact on the organization's revenue, customers are vital external stakeholders. Their satisfaction and loyalty are crucial for the company's success.
                                          2) Government and Regulatory Bodies: External entities overseeing industry regulations. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for the organization's reputation and legal standing.
                                          In conclusion, stakeholders are diverse entities with a vested interest in an organization's activities. The three categories-internal, connected and external -encompass various groups that significantly influence and are influenced by the organization. Recognizing and addressing the needs and concerns of stakeholders are vital for sustainable and responsible business practices.
                                          Tutor Notes
                                          - The above essay is pretty short and to the point and would pass. If you want to beef out the essay you can include some of the following information for a higher score:
                                          - Stakeholders can be harmed by, or benefit from the organisation (can affect and be affected by the organisation). For example a stakeholder can be harmed if the organisation becomes involved in illegal or immoral practices- e.g. the local community can suffer if the organisation begins to pollute the local rivers. The local community can also benefit from the organisation through increased employment levels.
                                          - CSR argues organisations should respect the rights of stakeholder groups
                                          - Stakeholders are important because they may have direct or indirect influence on decisions
                                          - The public sector has a wider and more complex range of stakeholders as they're managed on behalf of society as a whole. They're more likely to take a rage of stakeholder views into account when making decisions. However, these stakeholders are less powerful - i.e. they can't threaten market sanctions, to withdraw funding, or to quit the business etc.
                                          - The essay doesn't specifically ask you to Map Stakeholders, but you could throw in a cheeky mention of Mendelow's Stakeholder Matrix, perhaps in the conclusion. Don't spend time describing it though- you won't get more than 1 point for mentioning it. You'd be better off spending your time giving lots and lots of examples of different types of stakeholders.
                                          - Study guide p. 58


                                          NEW QUESTION # 18
                                          ......

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