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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| OSPF | - Router ID, adjacencies and neighbors - Link-state database and packet types - Areas and LSA types |
| Spanning Tree | - Convergence and reconvergence - Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) - STP and RSTP concepts, roles and states |
| Protocol-Independent Routing | - Load balancing and filter-based forwarding - Martian addresses and RIB groups - Static, aggregate, generated routes |
| Tunnels | - GRE and IP-IP configuration and troubleshooting - IP tunneling concepts |
| High Availability | - Link Aggregation Groups and RTG - VRRP, NSR, NSB and BFD - Virtual chassis and graceful restart |
| Layer 2 Switching and VLANs | - Inter-VLAN routing - Ports and VLAN tagging - Native VLANs and voice VLANs - Bridging components - Frame processing |
| Layer 2 Security | - MACsec and storm control - Layer 2 firewall filters - Port security (MAC limiting, DHCP snooping, DAI, IP source guard) - BPDU, loop and root protection |
| BGP | - Attributes and path selection - EBGP and IBGP peer interactions - BGP basic operations and message types |
| IS-IS | - Adjacencies and troubleshooting - Levels, areas and metrics - Link-state database and PDUs |
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NEW QUESTION # 41
Which two statements are correct about link aggregation? (Choose two.)
Answer: C,D
NEW QUESTION # 42
Depending on the link type, OSPF sends link-state update packets to which two addresses? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,B
Explanation:
OSPF relies on two IANA-reserved multicast addresses to distribute its control-plane traffic across broadcast and NBMA network types, and Link State Update (LSU) packets, which carry the actual LSAs being flooded, are addressed to one or the other depending on the role of the sending router. The address 224.0.0.5, designated AllSPFRouters, is used when any OSPF router - including a router that is itself the Designated Router or Backup Designated Router - needs to flood an LSU to every OSPF-speaking router on the segment; this is the address used for Hello packets universally and for LSU flooding directed at the entire segment. The address 224.0.0.6, designated AllDRouters, is used specifically by non-DR, non-BDR routers (DROthers) when they need to send an LSU or other update destined for the DR and BDR only, since only the DR and BDR actually listen on this address; the DR then takes responsibility for reflooding that information to the rest of the segment using 224.0.0.5. This two-address design is central to how OSPF achieves flooding efficiency on multi-access networks by funneling updates through the DR rather than requiring full-mesh flooding among every router pair. The addresses 224.0.0.8 and 224.0.0.9 are not used by OSPF at all;
224.0.0.9 is in fact reserved for RIPv2 multicast updates, making it a plausible-looking but incorrect distractor. Reference topics: Junos Enterprise Routing - OSPF, Multicast Addressing for Hello and Link State Update Packets.
NEW QUESTION # 43
What are three valid OSPF adjacency states? (Choose three.)
Answer: C,D,E
Explanation:
OSPF neighbor state progression, as defined in RFC 2328 and displayed by Junos through show ospf neighbor, moves through a well-defined set of named states: Down, Attempt, Init, 2-Way, ExStart, Exchange, Loading, and Full. Down is the initial state, indicating no Hello packets have been recently received from a potential neighbor on that interface; it is a genuine, valid OSPF state and is correctly included here. Init indicates that a Hello packet has been received from the neighbor, but that neighbor has not yet listed the local router's own router ID within its Hello packet, so bidirectional communication has not yet been confirmed; this too is a standard, valid state. Loading occurs after the Exchange state, during which Database Description packets have been fully exchanged and the router is now actively requesting the specific, more-detailed LSAs it identified as missing or outdated from its neighbor via Link State Request packets; it is likewise a standard, valid OSPF neighbor state. 'Established' is not an OSPF state at all -- that terminology belongs to BGP's finite state machine, where Established represents the fully operational session state; the OSPF equivalent concept is instead called Full. 'Reject' is not a recognized OSPF neighbor state under any circumstance and does not appear anywhere in the RFC 2328 state machine, making it an invalid distractor as well.
NEW QUESTION # 44
Which statement is correct about IP-IP tunnels?
Answer: A
Explanation:
"The ENCAPSULATOR does not change the inner IP header, except to decrement the TTL and it remains unchanged during its deliver to the endpoint" - only router that encapsulates the inner packet decrements its TTL - during transit, the inner packet is unchanged.
NEW QUESTION # 45
Which statement describes how a generated route determines its next hop?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A generate route is a specialized type of Junos summary route that, unlike an aggregate route, is permitted to inherit and use an actual forwarding next hop rather than being restricted to reject or discard. When multiple contributing routes exist beneath the summarized prefix, Junos selects one of them as the primary contributor using a deterministic process: it first evaluates route preference (choosing the contributor with the lowest, most preferred value), then breaks any remaining tie by preferring the contributing route with the numerically lowest metric, and continues through further tie-breaking criteria if necessary until a single primary contributor is identified. The generate route then adopts the next hop of that specific primary contributor as its own forwarding next hop, meaning traffic matching the generate route but not matching any individual contributing route is forwarded toward whichever real next hop the primary (best) contributing route currently uses. This behavior is fundamentally different from an aggregate route, which never adopts a forwarding next hop at all and instead installs with a reject (or optionally discard) next hop by default, deliberately preventing traffic from being forwarded toward a next hop that might not actually lead to the intended more-specific destination. There is no mechanism by which the next hop is chosen arbitrarily from the 'first' or 'least- specific' contributor, and while a next hop can be manually overridden under the generate route's own configuration, that is not the default resolution behavior being described here. Reference topics: Junos Enterprise Routing - Protocol Independent Routing, Generate Routes and Primary Contributor Selection.
NEW QUESTION # 46
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