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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Image processing and interpretation basics - Radiography positioning and safety |
| Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Dentistry | - Dental prophylaxis procedures - Oral anatomy and disease recognition |
| Surgical Nursing | - Sterile technique and instrumentation - Preoperative and postoperative care |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Analgesic drug use - Pain assessment techniques |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
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NEW QUESTION # 97
A farmer requests you come to the farm. He has a dairy herd but has several animals that are kept for his kids and used in 4-H and for showing. One of the heifers who has not yet mated is acting abnormally. She is still eating and grazing, but he isn't sure if she is ill or having behavioral changes and wants an evaluation. You take the patient history and ask the owner what behavioral signs the cow shows. He states that she intermittently has wide eyes, and the whites are often visible. She seems to be scared, with her eyes constantly looking around. When approached, she used to be easily handled. She readily accepted a halter, but now she lowers her head away from people's hands, then balks and runs away. She seems to be startled easily. The other day, a car backfired, and she jumped a mile and ran back into her barn stall. He is concerned about something medically wrong and requests a farm call.
At what stress level would you classify this animal as, based on the owner's description?
Answer: A
Explanation:
When taking a medical history, gathering the owner's (farmer, producer) opinions on behavior and underlying chief complaint is important. This helps demonstrate what they are seeing. Animals do not always behave the same when the veterinary staff is on-site. Thus, we may not witness the behaviors of concern.
This animal is moderately stressed. Heifers, prior to mating, act like normal cows and are usually not fearful or overly wary of their environment.
Relaxed cattle:
*Stand or walk calmly and graze or casually lie down while ruminating
*Hold their tails in a neutral position, hanging down, relaxed
*When curious, they approach something with composure; the head is held up, and the tail is in an inverted "U" shape
*When content, they use their ears and point them toward a noise, threat, or something that interests them
*Also when content, they often groom herdmates and nuzzle people or each other Mildly stressed cattle:
*Have slightly widened eyes with the head only slightly elevated and a closed mouth
*May turn their heads to the side and move away from sounds or people
*If stress arises while actively grazing or lying down, eating ceases, and they stand; they then usually seek out companionship with other herdmates, thereby moving away from the threat
*May maintain a relaxed tail position or sway it slightly
Moderately stressed cattle:
*Commonly have widened eyes with visible sclera
*May dart their eyes around, constantly searching for danger
*Often try to escape (lowering their heads and darting away), but they will simply freeze if escape isn't feasible
*Tightly hold the tail close to the body, sometimes even tucked between the legs; alternatively, they may hold it up, forming an inverted "U" if overtly alert and threatened
*Startle at the drop of a hat and may show twitchiness or jumpiness
Severely stressed cattle:
*Are at risk of causing damage to themselves, other animals, and people
*Have wide eyes, with sclera visible but also rolling
*If bulls, they may charge
*May paw at the ground
*Often point their heads (and, if present, horns) toward a perceived danger
*Often face a threat with their heads lowered but swinging side to side
*May wag their tails vigorously - this can often be a precursor to a kick, so watch the tails
*Are the most likely to kick, and remember, cattle can kick in all directions - front, side, and backward
NEW QUESTION # 98
Which agent would you least likely administer to a chelonian patient when inducing anesthesia?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 99
A blood agar plate is a cultural medium used as a primary isolation medium and a streak for colony isolation. This medium contains trypticase soy agar with which of the following?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A blood agar plate contains trypticase soy agar with 5% blood. A blood agar plate is used for organism isolation and for the subculture of organisms. Many laboratories choose to use a combination of blood agar and a selective medium split plate to allow the growth of most bacteria.
NEW QUESTION # 100
When performing general anesthesia on an equine patient, we often consider drug protocols in phases. In what phase would hobbles be placed on the patient?
Answer: B
Explanation:
General anesthesia in equines consists of:
Phase I: The sedation and premedication stage where the patient is outside in an induction area. Once sedated or premedicated, the patient's mouth is rinsed with water to remove any food particles or debris. Often, a partial dose is given, sufficient to allow this procedure and then increased as needed to reach the desired sedation level.
Phase II: Induction phase
*The patient is induced and becomes recumbent
*Endotracheal tube placement occurs
*Hobbles are placed on the horse's legs and a hoist to help place the patient on the surgical table
*Placed on the table in recumbency appropriate for the surgical procedure
*The surgical site is clipped and sterilely prepped
*In males, urinary catheters are often placed
Phase III: Maintenance phase - Inhalent anesthesia may be used once an endotracheal tube is in place. It may be combined with partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) to decrease the inhalant amount needed and improve analgesic control.
Recovery is not considered an anesthetic phase but follows the surgical procedure and includes monitoring the horse, pulling the endotracheal tube when appropriate, and ensuring the horse remains free from injury.
NEW QUESTION # 101
A dog has been prescribed Apoquel at 1/2 of a 16 mg tablet twice daily for up to 2 weeks, then once daily thereafter, as needed for itching.
How many tablets should you dispense for a 28-day supply, assuming the owner administers the medication correctly at the maximum frequency?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Calculate how many tablets are needed to cover the first two weeks:
1/2 tablet given twice daily x 14 days: 0.5 x 2 x 14 = 14 tablets
Calculate how many tablets are needed to cover the second two weeks:
1/2 tablets given once daily x 14 days: 0.5 x 14 = 7 tablets
Added together:
14 + 7 = 21 tablets
NEW QUESTION # 102
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