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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: AI Risk Governance and Framework Integration | 37% | - AI Regulatory Compliance and Legal Considerations - AI Trustworthiness, Ethical and Societal Implications - AI Models, Frameworks, Strategies, and Use Cases - AI Organizational Processes and Alignment - AI Ownership, Oversight, and Accountability - AI Policies, Procedures, and Organizational Training |
| Topic 2: AI Life Cycle Risk Management | 21% | - AI Data and Asset Management - AI Design, Development/Procurement, and Documentation - AI Implementation, Maintenance, and Decommissioning - AI Model Training, Testing, and Validation |
| Topic 3: AI Risk Program Management | 42% | - AI Risk Assurance and Continuous Improvement - AI Risk Identification and Assessment - AI Risk Monitoring and Reporting - AI Risk Response and Mitigation |
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質問 # 88
Which of the following is the PRIMARY reason to lower AI model temperature?
正解：B
解説：
Temperature is a hyperparameter in language model generation that controls output randomness. Lower temperatures make the model more deterministic-concentrating probability mass on the most likely tokens and producing more consistent, predictable outputs. Higher temperatures introduce more randomness and diversity.
Why B is Correct: According to ISACA AAIR model configuration guidance, lowering model temperature is primarily used to enhance consistency and accuracy of outputs. In production applications requiring reliable, reproducible responses-such as customer service, compliance reporting, or technical documentation-lower temperature ensures the model consistently generates the most appropriate response based on its learned knowledge, reducing variability and improving output quality.
Why A is Wrong: Temperature adjustment does not directly mitigate bias. Bias in AI models is a function of training data and model architecture, not output randomness. A biased model at low temperature will consistently generate biased outputs; lowering temperature may actually make bias more persistent by reducing variation.
Why C is Wrong: Diversifying ideas and recommendations is achieved by increasing temperature, not lowering it. Higher temperature is used for creative tasks where variety is valuable; lower temperature is used for tasks requiring precision and consistency.
Why D is Wrong: Model temperature has no direct relationship to computational energy consumption. Energy use is primarily driven by model size, computation requirements, and inference frequency-not the temperature parameter.
質問 # 89
An organization integrates multiple AI services using APIs to enhance a customer support chatbot. Which of the following is the GREATEST risk?
正解：B
解説：
API integration with external AI services creates data transmission pathways between the organization and external systems. Customer support contexts involve sensitive personal data-account information, contact details, inquiry content-that may be transmitted through these API connections.
Why B is Correct: The ISACA AAIR security and privacy guidance identifies unauthorized disclosure of sensitive data through insecure API connections as the greatest risk in multi-service AI integration. APIs can be vulnerable to interception, inadequate authentication, or misconfiguration. In a customer support context, exposure of personal data via API vulnerabilities creates privacy violations, regulatory liability, and reputational harm-all more severe than the other listed concerns.
Why A is Wrong: Bias and inaccuracy in chatbot responses are real quality risks but represent service quality issues rather than security or privacy breaches. Inaccurate responses are visible and correctable; data breaches may go undetected.
Why C is Wrong: Customer dissatisfaction from operational delays is a service quality and business risk. It is a manageable consequence of performance issues rather than the greatest risk from API-based AI integration.
Why D is Wrong: Insufficient training datasets affect model quality but are a development concern addressed during the model selection phase. They do not represent the primary operational risk of deploying multi- service API integrations in production.
質問 # 90
Which of the following is the BEST justification for selecting a risk avoidance strategy when considering whether to deploy a high-impact AI system?
正解：B
解説：
Risk avoidance is the risk treatment strategy of not engaging in an activity because the risks it presents cannot be adequately mitigated to within acceptable tolerance. For high-impact AI systems, the justification for avoidance must be proportionate to the gravity of the decision to forgo deployment entirely.
Why A is Correct: The ISACA AAIR risk treatment framework identifies potential harm to stakeholders as the most compelling justification for risk avoidance in AI deployment decisions. When a high-impact AI system poses risks of significant harm to individuals, communities, or society that cannot be adequately controlled, avoiding deployment is the ethically and legally appropriate choice. Stakeholder harm-especially irreversible or widespread harm-represents the highest severity risk outcome and justifies the most conservative risk treatment.
Why B is Wrong: Cost reduction objectives are business case considerations, not risk management justifications. Avoiding deployment to reduce costs is a financial decision, not a risk avoidance strategy. Risk avoidance decisions are driven by harm potential, not cost efficiency.
Why C is Wrong: Staff expertise shortages represent an organizational capability constraint that can be addressed through hiring, training, or managed services. A capability gap is a surmountable operational challenge, not a justification for permanently avoiding a valuable deployment.
Why D is Wrong: Data poisoning attack likelihood is a security risk that can be mitigated through appropriate controls-data integrity verification, provenance tracking, anomaly detection. A manageable risk with available mitigations does not justify full risk avoidance when stakeholder harm is not at stake.
質問 # 91
An election oversight body is considering the use of AI to identify irregularities in voting patterns. Which of the following is the MOST important risk to evaluate?
正解：A
解説：
AI systems trained on historical data inherit the biases, patterns, and structural inequities embedded in that data. In electoral contexts, historical voting patterns may reflect systemic disenfranchisement, gerrymandering, or demographic manipulation-biases that an AI system could amplify and legitimize through its outputs.
Why B is Correct: According to ISACA AAIR bias and fairness guidance applied to high-stakes public sector AI, the amplification of historical data biases poses the greatest risk in electoral irregularity detection. If the AI system treats historically suppressed voting patterns as the normal baseline, it may flag legitimate turnout increases in previously underrepresented communities as irregularities-producing discriminatory, biased outputs with severe democratic consequences.
Why A is Wrong: Voter location identification is a privacy concern but represents a specific data element risk.
Comprehensive privacy controls can mitigate location exposure without resolving the systemic bias risk.
Why C is Wrong: Contextual drift-the model performing differently in new electoral contexts than in training contexts-is a technical risk that is relevant but addressable through validation testing. Bias amplification is a more fundamental concern embedded in the historical data itself.
Why D is Wrong: Political distrust of AI represents a stakeholder acceptance challenge. While significant for implementation success, it is a communication and change management concern rather than the primary technical and ethical risk from the AI system itself.
質問 # 92
Which of the following BEST mitigates risk associated with evasion attacks on AI models?
正解：D
解説：
Evasion attacks involve adversaries crafting inputs specifically designed to fool AI models into producing incorrect outputs-for example, manipulating images to evade object detection or modifying text to bypass content classifiers. Detecting these attacks requires identifying inputs that are statistically unusual or inconsistent with legitimate use patterns.
Why B is Correct: The ISACA AAIR adversarial AI security guidance identifies anomaly detection as the most effective mitigation for evasion attacks. Anomaly detection systems monitor input distributions, model query patterns, and output characteristics for statistical deviations that indicate adversarial manipulation. By identifying inputs that fall outside expected distributions or trigger unusual model responses, anomaly detection catches evasion attempts before they produce harmful outputs.
Why A is Wrong: API rate limiting controls query frequency to prevent brute-force model probing but does not detect or prevent crafted adversarial inputs sent at normal rates. An attacker can evade rate limits by spacing requests or distributing queries.
Why C is Wrong: Predictive analytics uses historical patterns to forecast future outcomes. It does not specifically detect real-time adversarial manipulation of model inputs.
Why D is Wrong: Feature importance weighting adjusts how much different input features influence model predictions. While it can improve robustness to irrelevant features, it does not detect adversarial inputs specifically crafted to exploit important features.
質問 # 93
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