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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Legal and Ethics in Ethical Hacking | |
| Topic 2: System Hacking and Exploitation | |
| Topic 3: Information Gathering (Reconnaissance) | |
| Topic 4: Ethical Hacking Fundamentals | |
| Topic 5: Vulnerability Assessment | |
| Topic 6: Social Engineering | |
| Topic 7: Wireless Security | |
| Topic 8: Malware Threats | |
| Topic 9: Scanning and Enumeration | |
| Topic 10: Web Application Security | |
| Topic 11: Cryptography Basics | |
| Topic 12: Network Security |
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질문 # 69
What is a backdoor in terms of computer security?
정답：A
설명：
In computer security, a backdoor refers to ahidden method of accessing a system that bypasses normal authentication and security mechanisms, making option A the correct answer. Backdoors can be intentionally created by developers for maintenance purposes or maliciously installed by attackers after compromising a system.
From an ethical hacking perspective, backdoors are commonly discovered duringpost-exploitation activities.
Attackers use them to maintain persistent access, even if passwords are changed or vulnerabilities are patched.
Backdoors may take the form of hidden user accounts, modified services, malicious scripts, or hardcoded credentials.
Option B is incorrect because malware that spreads through instant messaging is typically classified as a worm or trojan, not specifically a backdoor. Option C is incorrect because a backdoor is not a legitimate or documented access point.
Understanding backdoors is essential for managing information security threats. Ethical hackers identify backdoors to demonstrate long-term risks and highlight weaknesses in system monitoring and access controls.
Defenders can mitigate backdoor threats by implementing integrity monitoring, endpoint detection and response (EDR), regular audits, and strict access management.
Backdoors pose significant risks because they undermine trust in system security. Identifying and removing them is critical for restoring system integrity and preventing repeated compromise.
질문 # 70
Can Nmap be used for vulnerability scanning?
정답：C
설명：
Nmap (Network Mapper) is primarily known as a powerful tool for network discovery and port scanning, but it also possesses robust vulnerability scanning capabilities through theNmap Scripting Engine (NSE). The NSE allows users to write and share simple scripts to automate a wide variety of networking tasks. One of the core categories of scripts available in the NSE is vuln, which is specifically designed to detect known security vulnerabilities on the targets being scanned.
When an ethical hacker runs a scan with the flag --script vuln, Nmap will not only identify open ports but will also cross-reference the discovered services against its internal database of vulnerabilities. For example, if Nmap detects an old version of an SMB service, it can run specific scripts to check if that service is vulnerable to well-known exploits like EternalBlue (MS17-010).
While dedicated vulnerability scanners like Nessus or OpenVAS offer more comprehensive databases and reporting features, Nmap's vulnerability scanning is highly valued for being fast, lightweight, and scriptable.
It is an excellent tool for "quick-look" assessments during the reconnaissance phase. By using NSE, testers can also perform tasks beyond simple vulnerability detection, such as:
* Brute-forcing: Attempting to guess passwords for services like SSH or FTP.
* Malware Detection: Identifying if a server has been infected by certain types of worms or backdoors.
* Configuration Auditing: Checking for insecure default settings.
Integrating Nmap's vulnerability scanning into a penetration testing workflow allows for a more seamless transition from discovery to exploitation, making it one of the most versatile tools in a security professional's toolkit.
질문 # 71
What is Netcat?
정답：C
설명：
Netcat, often referred to as the"Swiss Army knife of networking,"is a versatile, open-source tool used for reading from and writing to network connections using TCP or UDP. This makes option B the correct answer.
Netcat is widely used in ethical hacking, penetration testing, and system administration due to its flexibility and simplicity.
Netcat can perform a wide range of networking tasks, includingport scanning, banner grabbing, file transfers, reverse shells, bind shells, and debugging network services. It is commonly used during thereconnaissance, exploitation, and post-exploitation phasesof ethical hacking. Because of its ability to create raw network connections, it can simulate both client and server behavior.
Option A and option C are incorrect because Netcat iscross-platformand works on Linux, Windows, macOS, and other Unix-like systems. It is not limited to a single operating system, nor is it exclusively a hacking tool; it is also used legitimately by network administrators for troubleshooting and testing.
From a defensive security perspective, understanding Netcat is important because attackers frequently abuse it to establish unauthorized communication channels or backdoors. Ethical hackers use Netcat responsibly to demonstrate how weak configurations or exposed services can be exploited.
By identifying improper Netcat usage during assessments, organizations can improve monitoring, restrict unnecessary outbound connections, and strengthen endpoint security controls.
질문 # 72
How does Social Engineering work?
정답：A
설명：
Social engineering is a non-technical method of intrusion that relies heavily on human interaction and involves tricking people into breaking normal security procedures. Unlike traditional hacking, which targets software or hardware vulnerabilities, social engineering exploits human psychology-specifically the natural tendency to trust or the desire to be helpful. The process typically begins with an attacker assuming a deceptive persona, such as a helpful IT support technician, a trusted colleague, or an authoritative figure like a company executive. By establishing a rapport or creating a sense of urgency, the attacker builds a bridge of
"trust" with the victim.
Once this psychological foothold is established, the attacker manipulates the victim into performing actions that compromise security. This might include revealing confidential login credentials, transferring funds to fraudulent accounts, or providing sensitive internal information about a network's architecture. Common tactics include "phishing" (sending deceptive emails), "vishing" (voice solicitation over the phone), and
"pretexting" (creating a fabricated scenario to obtain info).
In a professional ethical hacking engagement, social engineering testing is critical because it highlights that a company's security is only as strong as its weakest human link. No matter how robust the firewalls or encryption methods are, they can be bypassed if an employee is manipulated into "opening the door" for an adversary. Effective defenses against social engineering do not rely solely on technology but on continuous employee awareness training and the implementation of strict verification protocols for any request involving sensitive data.
질문 # 73
What tool would you use to search for hidden directories or files?
정답：B
설명：
DIRB is a specializedweb content scanning toolused in ethical hacking and penetration testing to discoverhidden directories and fileson web servers. It operates by performing adictionary-based brute-force attackagainst a target website, attempting to access directories and files that are not publicly linked but may still be accessible. This makes option A the correct answer.
DIRB is typically used during theweb application reconnaissance and enumeration phasesof penetration testing. Ethical hackers rely on it to uncover misconfigurations such as exposed admin panels, backup files, configuration files, or outdated directories that could lead to further compromise. These hidden resources often exist due to poor security practices or improper cleanup during development.
Option B, Shodan, is incorrect because Shodan is a search engine used to discover internet-connected devices and services, not hidden directories within a specific website. Option C, Ping, is also incorrect because it is a network utility used only to test host reachability and does not interact with web servers at the application layer.
From a defensive security perspective, DIRB helps organizations identify unnecessary exposure in web environments. Discovering hidden directories allows administrators to remove, restrict, or secure them before attackers exploit them. When used ethically and with authorization, DIRB is a powerful tool for improving web application security and reducing attack surfaces.
질문 # 74
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