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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Computer Architecture & Organization | 15% | - Memory hierarchy and performance - Instruction sets and execution cycles - Von Neumann architecture - CPU, memory, I/O systems |
| Algorithms & Complexity | 25% | - Recursion and iterative structures - Big O notation, time and space complexity - Sorting and searching algorithms - Algorithm design and analysis |
| Discrete Mathematics & Logic | 25% | - Propositional and predicate logic - Set theory, relations, functions - Proof techniques and mathematical induction - Boolean algebra and digital logic |
| Software Engineering & Programming Basics | 15% | - Programming paradigms - Software development lifecycle - Basic syntax and control structures - Testing and debugging fundamentals |
| Data Structures | 20% | - Arrays, linked lists, stacks, queues - Trees, graphs, hash tables - Data storage and retrieval principles - Primitive and composite data types |
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NEW QUESTION # 50
How does the data type of a variable get set in Python?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Python usesdynamic typing, a core concept emphasized in programming language textbooks. In dynamically typed languages, a variable name does not permanently "own" a type. Instead, theobjectcreated by an expression has a type, and the variable becomes a reference to that object. Therefore, the type associated with a variable at any moment is determined by the value assigned to it. For example, after x = 7, x refers to an integer object. After x = "seven", the same name now refers to a string object. The type changes because the binding changes, not because the variable's type declaration was edited.
Option A describesstatic typingsystems (common in languages like Java, C, or C++), where programmers declare types and compilers enforce them. Python does not require such declarations for ordinary variables.
Option B is incorrect because type assignment is deterministic, not random. Option C is incorrect because Python does not default variables to strings; it assigns whatever type results from the right-hand-side expression.
This model is closely tied to Python's runtime behavior: type checks occur during execution, and functions can accept values of different types as long as the operations used are valid (often discussed as
"duck typing"). This flexibility supports rapid development, but also motivates careful testing and, in larger systems, optional type hints for documentation and tool support.
NEW QUESTION # 51
Which type of sorting algorithm starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Selection sort is the algorithm that repeatedly scans the unsorted portion of a list to find the lowest (or highest) value and then places it into its correct position in the sorted portion. It begins at the first index (position 0) and treats that as the boundary between sorted and unsorted regions. On the first pass, it moves a scanning pointer through the entire list to determine the minimum element and swaps it into position 0. On the second pass, it starts from position 1, scans to the end to find the next minimum, and swaps it into position 1.
This continues until the list is sorted.
This matches the question's description: "starts at the first position and moves the pointer until the end of the list, determining the lowest value." Textbooks often describe selection sort with two indices: one for the current boundary position and one for scanning the remainder of the list to find the minimum. The algorithm is simple and uses O(1) extra space, but it is inefficient for large lists because it performs O(n²) comparisons regardless of input order.
The other options are not standard algorithm names in typical computer science curricula. While many sorting algorithms exist (insertion sort, merge sort, quicksort, heap sort), "incremental," "progressive," and "pointer sort" are not canonical textbook algorithms in this context. Therefore, the correct answer is selection sort.
NEW QUESTION # 52
What is another term for the inputs into a function?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In programming, a function takes inputs, performs computation, and may return an output. The standard term for a function's inputs isarguments(also commonly discussed alongside the closely related termparameters).
Textbooks typically distinguish the two:parametersare the names listed in the function definition, while argumentsare the actual values supplied when the function is called. For example, in def f(x, y):, x and y are parameters. In the call f(3, 5), 3 and 5 are arguments. Many introductory materials use "arguments" informally to refer to the inputs overall, which matches the wording of this question.
Options A, B, and C do not fit the textbook definition. "Variables" is too broad; inputs can be literals, expressions, or variables, but the conceptual role is "arguments." "Procedures" are callable units of code (often used in some languages to mean functions without return values), not the inputs. "Outputs" refers to returned results, not what you pass in.
Understanding arguments is important because it connects to call semantics, scope, and correctness.
Different languages support positional arguments, keyword arguments, default values, and variadic arguments (e.g., *args, **kwargs in Python). This flexibility shapes API design and influences how programmers structure reusable code.
NEW QUESTION # 53
What will be the result of performing the slice fam[:3]?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Python slicing uses the notation sequence[start:stop], where start is inclusive and stop is exclusive. When start is omitted, it defaults to 0, meaning the slice starts from the beginning of the sequence. Therefore, fam[:3] is equivalent to fam[0:3]. Because the stop index 3 is excluded, the slice includes elements at indices 0, 1, and
2-exactly the first three elements.
This convention is emphasized in programming textbooks because it makes many tasks natural and reduces boundary errors. For example, "take the first n items" is written as [:n], and "drop the first n items" is written as [n:]. The length of the slice is also easy to reason about: with step 1, it is stop - start, so here it is 3 - 0 = 3.
Option B is incorrect because including four elements would require fam[:4]. Option C would correspond to fam[:2]. Option D describes taking elements from the end, which would use negative indexing such as fam
[-3:].
Slicing is widely used for batching, windowing in algorithms, splitting datasets into training/testing segments, and extracting prefixes in parsing tasks. Understanding the inclusive start and exclusive stop rule is essential for correct Python programming.
NEW QUESTION # 54
How can a user subset a NumPy array bmi to only include values over 23?
Answer: B
Explanation:
NumPy supports a powerful technique calledBoolean indexing(also called Boolean masking) to filter arrays based on a condition. When you write bmi > 23, NumPy performs an element-wise comparison and produces a Boolean array of the same shape, containing True where the condition holds and False otherwise. Using that Boolean array inside square brackets, as in bmi[bmi > 23], tells NumPy to return a new 1D array containing only the elements whose mask value is True. This approach is heavily emphasized in scientific computing curricula because it expresses selection logic without explicit loops and runs efficiently in optimized compiled code.
Option B looks close but is not standard NumPy usage. The function commonly used is np.where(condition) or np.where(condition, x, y). While np.where(bmi > 23) can return indices, bmi.where(...) is not a NumPy array method; it is more associated with pandas objects. Options A and C are not valid NumPy APIs for filtering.
Boolean indexing is central in data analysis tasks such as removing invalid measurements, selecting a population subgroup, applying thresholds, and building feature subsets. It composes cleanly with vectorized computation, for example bmi[bmi > 23].mean(), enabling concise and high-performance numerical workflows.
NEW QUESTION # 55
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