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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Competency 2: Political and Economic Forces | - Market Economy vs. Command Economy - Property Rights and the Rule of Law |
| Competency 3: Economic Decision-Making by Firms and Customers | - Firm Behavior Under Different Market Structures (Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly) - Consumer Behavior (Budget Constraint, Indifference Curves) |
| Key Topics Across All Competencies | - Global Business Strategies and Porter's Framework - Supply and Demand Shifts - Currency Appreciation and Depreciation - Elastic vs. Inelastic Goods - International Trade Policies (Tariffs, Quotas) - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Impacts |
| Competency 1: International Trade and Currency Exchange | - Impact of Interest Rates on Financial Flows and Exchange Rates - Currency Exchange Rate Determination - Introduction to International Trade Theories |
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질문 # 108
In which situation is the dodger strategy appropriate for responding to multinational enterprises (MNEs)?
정답：A
설명：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, thedodger strategyis appropriate whenindustry pressure to globalize is low and a firm's competitive assets are customized to its home market, making option D correct.
Under this strategy, firms avoid direct confrontation with multinational enterprises by focusing on niche markets, specialized products, or protected domestic segments. Since globalization pressure is weak, firms are not forced to expand internationally, and their localized assets give them an advantage at home.
Dodgers may also cooperate selectively with MNEs or operate in areas where global competition is limited.
This strategy minimizes risk and preserves firm-specific advantages without costly global expansion.
Options A and B align with extender strategies. Option C aligns with contender strategies.
Thus, option D correctly identifies when the dodger strategy is appropriate.
질문 # 109
What are examples of variable costs? Choose two answers.
정답：E,F
설명：
Variable costs change as output changes. Option A is correct because a tax charged on variable inputs increases as the firm uses more inputs to produce more output. Option E is also correct because the cost of parts used in individual devices rises directly with the number of devices produced. If the manufacturer produces more computers, it must buy more parts; if production falls, parts costs fall. The other choices are fixed costs because they generally do not vary directly with the quantity produced in the short run. A license fee, CEO salary, rent, and monthly internet service are normally paid regardless of whether output is high or low. Managers must separate fixed and variable costs to make production, pricing, shutdown, and break-even decisions.
질문 # 110
Which mode of entry is an equity-based entry mode?
정답：D
설명：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, entry modes are commonly classified intonon-equity,contractual, and equity-basedmodes, depending on the level of ownership, control, and risk assumed by the firm. A50/50 joint ventureis an equity-based entry mode, making option B the correct answer.
Equity-based entry modes involveownership of assets in the foreign market. In a 50/50 joint venture, two firms-typically one domestic and one foreign-each contribute capital and share ownership, control, profits, and risks equally. This structure allows firms to access local market knowledge, share financial risk, and comply with host-country regulations that may restrict full foreign ownership.
Option A, franchising, and option C, licensing, arecontractual entry modes. In these arrangements, firms transfer intellectual property or business formats to foreign partners without taking ownership stakes. While these modes involve lower risk and investment, they also provide less control. Option D, indirect exports, is a non-equity modethat requires minimal commitment and no foreign ownership.
Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that equity-based modes like joint ventures are often chosen when firms need local partners, face political or regulatory constraints, or operate in culturally or institutionally complex environments. However, they also involve higher risk due to shared control and potential partner conflicts.
Thus, option B correctly identifies an equity-based mode of entry.
질문 # 111
What is one of the three primary strategies that nonfinancial companies use to cope with currency risks?
정답：B
설명：
InGlobal Economics for Managers,strategic hedgingis identified as one of the three primary strategies that nonfinancial companies use to cope with currency risk, making option B the correct answer. Currency risk arises when fluctuations in exchange rates affect a firm's revenues, costs, assets, or liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. Managing this risk is a critical component of global business decision making.
Strategic hedging involvesstructuring operations and transactions to offset currency exposures naturally
, rather than relying solely on financial instruments. This may include matching currency inflows and outflows, diversifying production and sourcing across multiple countries, or pricing products in local currencies. By aligning revenues and costs in the same currency, firms reduce their net exposure to exchange rate movements.
Option A refers to distribution choices and does not directly address currency risk management. Option C, keeping low inventories, is an operational efficiency tactic but does not systematically reduce exchange rate exposure. Option D, reducing currency liabilities, may lower exposure in certain cases but is not considered one of the three primary strategies outlined in managerial economics frameworks.
Global Economics for Managerstypically categorizes currency risk management strategies intofinancial hedging, strategic (operational) hedging, and pricing strategies. Among these, strategic hedging is especially important for nonfinancial firms because it integrates risk management into long-term operational decisions rather than treating it as a purely financial problem.
For managers, understanding strategic hedging helps ensure more stable cash flows, improved forecasting, and reduced vulnerability to currency volatility. Therefore, option B correctly identifies a primary strategy used by nonfinancial companies to cope with currency risks.
질문 # 112
When supply increases and demand stays the same, what happens to the equilibrium point of price and quantity?
정답：C
설명：
InGlobal Economics for Managers, an increase in supply with demand held constant leads to anew equilibrium characterized by a lower price and a higher quantity, making option A-quantity increases- the correct answer. This outcome follows directly from standard supply-and-demand analysis.
When supply increases, the supply curve shifts to the right. At the original equilibrium price, producers are now willing and able to supply more than consumers wish to buy, creating excess supply. To eliminate this surplus, sellers reduce prices. As prices fall, quantity demanded increases until a new equilibrium is reached where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
Although price also changes (it falls), the question asks what happens to theequilibrium point of price and quantity, and among the given options, onlyquantity increasesis correct. Price does not remain the same, nor does it increase, and quantity certainly does not decrease.
This concept is critical for managers analyzing productivity improvements, technological progress, or reductions in input costs. Supply increases are often driven by innovation, economies of scale, or favorable regulatory changes, all of which allow firms to produce more at every price.
Thus, option A correctly describes the equilibrium outcome when supply increases and demand remains unchanged.
질문 # 113
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