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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Security Architecture and Engineering | 13% | - Security Models and Frameworks - Secure Design Principles |
| Topic 2: Security Operations | 13% | - Incident Response - Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity |
| Topic 3: Asset Security | 10% | - Data Lifecycle Management - Information and Asset Classification |
| Topic 4: Communication and Network Security | 13% | - Network Architecture and Design - Secure Network Components |
| Topic 5: Security and Risk Management | 14% | - Security Governance Principles - Compliance and Legal Requirements - Professional Ethics |
| Topic 6: Identity and Access Management (IAM) | 13% | - Authentication and Authorization - Identity Lifecycle Management |
| Topic 7: Software Development Security | 11% | - Application Security Controls - Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC) |
| Topic 8: Security Assessment and Testing | 12% | - Security Testing Methods - Audit Processes |
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NEW QUESTION # 1448
Which of the following is best defined as a mode of system termination that automatically leaves system processes and components in a secure state when a failure occurs or is detected in a system?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
NOTE: This question is referring to a system which is Logical/Technical, so it is in the context of a system that you must choose the right answer. This is very important to read the question carefully and to identify the context whether it is in the Physical world or in the Technical/Logical world. RFC 2828 (Internet Security Glossary) defines fail safe as a mode of system termination that automatically leaves system processes and components in a secure state when a failure occurs or is detected in the system. A secure state means in the Logical/Technical world that no access would be granted or no packets would be allowed to flow through the system inspecting the packets such as a firewall for example.
If the question would have made reference to a building or something specific to the Physical world then the answer would have been different. In the Physical World everything becomes open and full access would be granted. See the valid choices below for the Physical context. Fail-safe in the physical security world is when doors are unlocked automatically in case of emergency. Used in environment where humans work around. As human safety is prime concern during Fire or other hazards. The following were all wrong choices: Fail-secure in the physical security world is when doors are locked automatically in case of emergency. Can be in an area like Cash Locker Room provided there should be alternative manually operated exit door in case of emergency.
Fail soft is selective termination of affected non-essential system functions and processes when a failure occurs or is detected in the system. Fail Over is a redundancy mechanism and does not apply to this question. According to the Official ISC2 Study Guide (OIG):
Fault Tolerance is defined as built-in capability of a system to provide continued correct execution in the presence of a limited number of hardware or software faults. It means a system can operate in the presence of hardware component failures. A single component failure in a fault-tolerant system will not cause a system interruption because the alternate component will take over the task transparently. As the cost of components continues to drop, and the demand for system availability increases, many non-fault- tolerant systems have redundancy built-in at the subsystem level. As a result, many non-fault-tolerant systems can tolerate hardware faults - consequently, the line between a fault-tolerant system and a non- fault-tolerant system becomes increasingly blurred.
According to Common Criteria: Fail Secure - Failure with preservation of secure state, which requires
that the TSF (TOE security functions) preserve a secure state in the face of the identified failures.
Acc. to The CISSP Prep Guide, Gold Ed.: Fail over - When one system/application fails, operations will
automatically switch to the backup system.
Fail safe - Pertaining to the automatic protection of programs and/or processing systems to maintain
safety when a hardware or software failure is detected in a system.
Fail secure - The system preserves a secure state during and after identified failures occur.
Fail soft -Pertaining to the selective termination of affected non-essential processing when a hardware
or software failure is detected in a system.
Acc. to CISSP for Dummies: Fail closed - A control failure that results all accesses blocked.
Fail open - A control failure that results in all accesses permitted.
Failover - A failure mode where, if a hardware or software failure is detected, the system automatically
transfers processing to a hot backup component, such as a clustered server.
Fail-safe - A failure mode where, if a hardware or software failure is detected, program execution is
terminated, and the system is protected from compromise.
Fail-soft (or resilient) - A failure mode where, if a hardware or software failure is detected, certain,
noncritical processing is terminated, and the computer or network continues to function in a degraded mode.
Fault-tolerant - A system that continues to operate following failure of a computer or network
component. It's good to differentiate this concept in Physical Security as well: Fail-safe
- Door defaults to being unlocked
- Dictated by fire codes Fail-secure
- Door defaults to being locked
References:
SHIREY, Robert W., RFC2828: Internet Security Glossary, may 2000.
NEW QUESTION # 1449
Which of the following attack types can be used to compromise the integrity of data during transmission?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Packet sniffing is a type of attack that involves intercepting and analyzing the network traffic that is transmitted between hosts. Packet sniffing can be used to compromise the integrity of data during transmission, as the attacker can modify, delete, or inject packets into the network stream. Packet sniffing can also be used to compromise the confidentiality and availability of data, as the attacker can read, copy, or block packets. Keylogging, synchronization flooding, and session hijacking are all types of attacks, but they do not directly affect the integrity of data during transmission. Keylogging is a type of attack that involves capturing and recording the keystrokes of a user on a device. Synchronization flooding is a type of attack that involves sending a large number of SYN packets to a target host, causing it to exhaust its resources and deny service to legitimate requests. Session hijacking is a type of attack that involves taking over an existing session between a user and a web service, and impersonating the user or the service.
NEW QUESTION # 1450
Which of the following NAT firewall translation modes allows a large group of internal clients to share a single or small group of ROUTABLE IP addresses for the purpose of hiding their identities when communicating with external hosts?
Answer: A
Explanation:
With dynamic translation (also called Automatic, Hide Mode, or IP
Masquerade), a large group of internal clients to share a single or small group of
ROUTABLE IP addresses for the purpose of hiding their identities when communicating with external hosts or expanding the internal network address space.
Static translation (also called port forwarding), assigns a fixed address to a specific internal network resource (usually a server). Static NAT is required to make internal hosts available for connection from external hosts.
Load Balancing Translation is used to translate a single IP address and port to a pool of identically configured servers so that a single public address can be served by a number of servers. In Network Redundancy Translation, multiple Internet connections are attached to a single NAT firewall that it chooses and uses based on load and availability.
Reference used for this question:
STREBE, Matthew and PERKINS, Charles, Firewalls 24seven, Sybex 2000, Chapter 7:
Network Address Translation.
NEW QUESTION # 1451
Refer to the information below to answer the question.
A new employee is given a laptop computer with full administrator access.
This employee does not have a personal computer at home and has a child that uses the computer to send and receive e-mail, search the web, and use instant messaging.
The organization's Information Technology (IT) department discovers that a peer-to-peer program has been installed on the computer using the employee's access.
Which of the following methods is the MOST effective way of removing the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) program from the computer?
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 1452
What would BEST define risk management?
Answer: B
Explanation:
This is the basic process of risk management.
Risk is the possibility of damage happening and the ramifications of such damage should it occur.
Information risk management (IRM) is the process of identifying and assessing risk, reducing it to
an acceptable level, and implementing the right mechanisms to maintain that level. There is no
such thing as a 100 percent secure environment. Every environment has vulnerabilities and
threats to a certain degree.
The skill is in identifying these threats, assessing the probability of them actually occurring and the
damage they could cause, and then taking the right steps to reduce the overall level of risk in the
environment to what the organization identifies as acceptable.
Proper risk management requires a strong commitment from senior management, a documented
process that supports the organization's mission, an information risk management (IRM) policy
and a delegated IRM team. Once you've identified your company's acceptable level of risk, you
need to develop an information risk management policy.
The IRM policy should be a subset of the organization's overall risk management policy (risks to a
company include more than just information security issues) and should be mapped to the
organizational security policies, which lay out the acceptable risk and the role of security as a
whole in the organization. The IRM policy is focused on risk management while the security policy
is very high-level and addresses all aspects of security. The IRM policy should address the
following items:
Objectives of IRM team
Level of risk the company will accept and what is considered an acceptable risk (as defined in the
previous article)
Formal processes of risk identification
Connection between the IRM policy and the organization's strategic planning processes
Responsibilities that fall under IRM and the roles that are to fulfill them
Mapping of risk to internal controls
Approach for changing staff behaviors and resource allocation in response to risk analysis
Mapping of risks to performance targets and budgets
Key indicators to monitor the effectiveness of controls
Shon Harris provides a 10,000-foot view of the risk management process below:
A big question that companies have to deal with is, "What is enough security?" This can be
restated as, "What is our acceptable risk level?" These two questions have an inverse relationship.
You can't know what constitutes enough security unless you know your necessary baseline risk
level.
To set an enterprise-wide acceptable risk level for a company, a few things need to be
investigated and understood. A company must understand its federal and state legal
requirements, its regulatory requirements, its business drivers and objectives, and it must carry out
a risk and threat analysis. (I will dig deeper into formalized risk analysis processes in a later article,
but for now we will take a broad approach.) The result of these findings is then used to define the
company's acceptable risk level, which is then outlined in security policies, standards, guidelines
and procedures.
Although there are different methodologies for enterprise risk management, the core components
of any risk analysis is made up of the following:
Identify company assets
Assign a value to each asset
Identify each asset's vulnerabilities and associated threats
Calculate the risk for the identified assets
Once these steps are finished, then the risk analysis team can identify the necessary
countermeasures to mitigate the calculated risks, carry out cost/benefit analysis for these
countermeasures and report to senior management their findings.
When we look at information security, there are several types of risk a corporation needs to be
aware of and address properly. The following items touch on the major categories:
Physical damage Fire, water, vandalism, power loss, and natural disasters
Human interaction Accidental or intentional action or inaction that can disrupt productivity
Equipment malfunction Failure of systems and peripheral devices
Inside and outside attacks Hacking, cracking, and attacking
Misuse of data Sharing trade secrets, fraud, espionage, and theft
Loss of data Intentional or unintentional loss of information through destructive means
Application error Computation errors, input errors, and buffer overflows
The following answers are incorrect:
The process of eliminating the risk is not the best answer as risk cannot be totally eliminated.
The process of assessing the risks is also not the best answer.
The process of transferring risk is also not the best answer and is one of the ways of handling a
risk after a risk analysis has been performed.
References:
Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter 3: Security Management Practices , Page: 66-68
and
http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Understanding-risk
NEW QUESTION # 1453
......
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