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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Topic 2: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Wound management, suture materials and techniques - Intraoperative and postoperative care |
| Topic 3: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management |
| Topic 4: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Topic 5: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 6: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment |
| Topic 7: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Practice management, team collaboration - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques |
| Topic 8: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Topic 9: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 10: Anesthesia | 13% | - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring - Recovery and emergency management - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation |
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NEW QUESTION # 444
Which medication is effective in the management of moderate levels of pain?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Buprenorphine is a partial mu agonist which provides mild to moderate pain relief for six to eight hours with typical dosing.
NSAID medications, such as meloxicam, can treat low to moderate levels of pain associated with inflammation or prostaglandin production. Butorphanol is a mixed agonist-antagonist used to treat mild levels of pain of short duration and, more commonly, used for its sedative effects. Ketamine is a dissociative best used in conjunction with other analgesics to prevent wind-up (central-sensitization).
NEW QUESTION # 445
You have a five-year-old FS Dachsund presenting with proprioceptive deficits. When talking with the owner, you discuss signs of these deficits and how to interpret if the pet is in pain. What statement would be correct for you to inform your client?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Proprioception refers to your brain's primarily subconscious awareness about where your body is in space. This ability helps the patient stand upright and have one's feet in the right place, underneath them, but without crossing the limbs or losing their balance. It helps to allow one to remain steady when standing.
To assess proprioception, you would want to assess the patient's ability to correct where the foot is in space. If you knuckle a foot over, the pet should immediately return the foot to the normal position (palmar or plantar surface flat on the ground). When there is a disconnect between the brain and the spinal column, this correction may be sluggish or not occur at all.
Proprioception occurs thanks to a variety of stretch receptors in the various skeletal muscles, ligaments, joint capsules, and tendons that help inform the central nervous system about various body states. This includes limb movement, joint position, muscle contraction, flexion, and the amount of tension applied to the various parts of the body. This allows the brain to send proper signals to the different body parts to maintain normal movement, posture, and stability.
When discussing signs of loss of proprioception with the owner, you would discuss the following clinical signs:
*Ataxia
*Dragging a limb
*Crossing one limb in front of the other
*Paresis (decreased ability to move the limb, weaker muscle contractions and movement)
*Paralysis (complete inability to move the muscles of the limb at all)
These signs by themselves do not demonstrate pain. However, it is your job to discuss with the owner that when these signs are present, they suggest a problem such as intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), another neurological or musculoskeletal problem, or both. Given the breed, IVDD is the most commonly seen disease, and pain is expected.
Once you have evaluated the dog, you likely find signs of back pain and the aforementioned possible proprioceptive abnormalities.
Signs of pain associated with IVDD in dogs may include:
*Restlessness
*Inability to get comfortable
*Lameness in one or more legs
*Reluctance to move
*Abnormal gait
*Turning and looking at a painful area
*Stretching more than normal
*Hesitancy in jumping up on the couch or going upstairs
*Not wanting to play or not playing as often or as long as normal
*Abnormal posture in the hind/along the back
*Hiding
*Behavioral changes such as intolerance with brushing or grooming
*Looking awkward or uncomfortable when sitting/trying to rest
Patients with IVDD may react in a variety of ways when palpated, including ventroflexion in areas of pain when deep palpation is applied, referred abdominal pain, collapse, or weakness in the limb(s). They may flinch more easily, turn to look at you, or nip when feeling along with painful areas.
Thus, even paralyzed dogs can be painful in non-paralyzed limbs, along the spine, or in other areas. While sometimes balance changes may not be associated with pain, generally speaking, one should assume they are painful until proven otherwise.
NEW QUESTION # 446
We know how critical it is to ensure that the surgical suite is maintained in pristine aseptic conditions. We do so by ensuring we use appropriate antiseptic agents for our patients. Chlorhexidine is a commonly used agent in veterinary medicine.
Which of the following would not indicate a beneficial use of this antiseptic?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Chlorhexidine is the preferred antiseptic used in many veterinary procedures and as a surgical scrub. Benefits include rapid onset and long residual activity for up to 2 days. In general, it is considered relatively non-irritating to the skin. Though keep in mind, each individual is different, and some animals and humans may react to the chemical. Chlorhexidine is not inhibited by alcohol, which is good, since we often use alcohol in addition to chlorhexidine. Additionally, organic matter does not inhibit it.
However, its spectrum of activity includes action against bacteria, yeast, viruses, and fungi, but not protozoal organisms. Povodine-Iodine solutions would be active against the same microorganisms, as well as protozoa. However, it has much less residual action (4 to 6 hours) and is inactivated by the presence of alcohol or organic debris. It can be used as a surgical scrub for patients and humans who react to chlorhexidine and appears relatively comparable in veterinary medicine studies. Both chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine can be used for wound lavage and surgical scrubbing.
NEW QUESTION # 447
Which of the following is a key factor in fecal parasite screening?
Answer: B
Explanation:
It is best to analyze fresh stool samples for the most sensitive and specific results. Since most tests visually detect ova and parasites themselves, desiccated or samples beyond a few hours at refrigerated temperatures will lose sensitivity. Samples that were not promptly collected can become contaminated with soil nematodes and pollens and generate false-positive results.
The amount of light to which the sample has been exposed, the last meal the pet ate, and the number of people who have handled the sample may affect fecal parasite screening, but the freshness of the fecal sample is the key factor.
NEW QUESTION # 448
You are assisting in performing a California Mastitis Test (CMT). You properly perform the test and wait how long before evaluating and scoring the results?
Answer: A
Explanation:
California Mastitis Tests (CMT) assess milk for subclinical mastitis. When no signs of overt mastitis are present such as clumps in the milk, but it is suspected, this test can be valuable. You clean the udder and express 3 ml of milk from each teat, and milk is swirled with the reagents for 10 seconds before evaluating the clumps.
The degree of thickening found determines the results. A zero score indicates the sample is negative for mastitis. The mixture remains a liquid. We can then see trace thickening, where there is a bit of precipitation, but it vanishes after 10 seconds. A weak positive, 1, forms a distinct precipitate with no gel. Distinctly positive, 2 describes a sample that thickens immediately and hints at gel formation. Finally, Strongly positive, 3, a gel forms causing the mixture's surface to become convex. The gel usually adheres to the test cup.
Once a positive test result is received, milk can be submitted for culture to identify the causative agent and guide therapy.
NEW QUESTION # 449
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