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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Diagnostic Imaging | - Radiography positioning and safety - Image processing and interpretation basics |
| Pain Management and Analgesia | - Pain assessment techniques - Analgesic drug use |
| Emergency Medicine and Critical Care | - Triage and stabilization - Shock management and CPR |
| Laboratory Procedures | - Urinalysis and microbiology - Hematology and clinical pathology |
| Dentistry | - Oral anatomy and disease recognition - Dental prophylaxis procedures |
| Animal Care and Nursing | - Patient handling and restraint - Nutrition and husbandry |
| Pharmacology | - Drug classifications and uses - Dosage calculations and administration |
| Anesthesia | - Anesthetic protocols and equipment - Anesthetic monitoring |
| Surgical Nursing | - Preoperative and postoperative care - Sterile technique and instrumentation |
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NEW QUESTION # 622
Which of the following procedures involves removal of calculus accumulation from tooth surfaces?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Scaling is the removal of calculus accumulation from tooth surfaces, both supra and subgingivally. Both hand and mechanized instruments may be used.
Polishing removes plaque, stains, and minor etches from scaling. Probing measures gingival sulcus depth. Extracting is the removal of teeth.
NEW QUESTION # 623
What is Etomidate and when would it be used?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Etomidate is a short-acting, injectable hypnotic-sedative used for the induction phase of anesthesia in dogs and cats. The benefits include cardiovascular and respiratory sparing effects. Additionally, it can decrease increased ocular pressure and intracranial pressure. Its margin of safety is much higher than propofol and other drugs. Often, it is reserved for patients with heart or lung disease. By administering multi-modal premeditation, side effects are minimized with this drug.
Barbiturates used to be commonly used in anesthesia, pentobarbital sodium. They are most commonly used for euthanasia at this time.
Alfaxalone is a controlled, ultra-short acting injectable anesthetic comparable to propofol in effect. Side effect risks include CNS and respiratory depression and low blood pressure.
Dissociatives are commonly used in anesthesia or to provide sedation, but are commonly used in combination with tranquilizers and/or opioids for a variety of benefits and effects. These types of medications can cause normal to increased muscular tone. Additionally, they may increase heart rate and blood pressure. Lastly, they can cause sensitivity to light and sound.
NEW QUESTION # 624
Which of the following pain medications is a salicylate?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Salicylates belong to the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug class. Aspirin and meloxicam both belong to this drug class.
Butorphanol is an opioid.
Lidocaine patches are local anesthetics.
Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 913.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 506-512.
NEW QUESTION # 625
As a technician, you will be interacting with a variety of pets, some who will want to engage, others who want to eat you, and still others who are not yet sure what they want from you. Reading patient behavior is key to ensuring all parties, human and animal alike, remain safe.
When referring to Fear Free practices, what does a touch gradient imply?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In Fear Free handling, a lot goes into evaluating the patient's behavior and ensuring we deescalate and not escalate stress factors. We want to go slowly and acknowledge that fear, anxiety, and stress (which make up the FAS score) can be a part of veterinary team interaction. While the FAS score is a way to both communicate and measure a patient's emotional state during the time in the veterinary setting, it doesn't help us understand the touch gradient.
The touch gradient is a method that allows systematic but sensitive acclimation of the patient to increasing levels of touch and contact. We use increasing levels of touch intensity, while continuously assessing the patient's stress and comfort level. Once feasible, we can maintain constant hands-on contact during the procedure or examination to provide reassurance and security, if acceptable to the patient. Repeatedly removing and re-petting the patient can amplify touch receptor sensitivity. The patient is likelier to startle with each new touch or shy away. Studies have shown that touch receptors in animals are not evenly distributed across their bodies. Sensitive areas include:
*Face (nose, tips of ears, lips, eyelids, tongue)
*Legs, with the feet being the most sensitive moving proximally
*Anal and genital regions, for obvious reasons
*Tail
While you can start at the head and work your way to the hind end, you aren't actually acclimating the animal to touch. In fact, you are starting with one of the more sensitive areas of the body, the face, and this is not likely to keep the pet calm and at ease. This should be closer to the last area touched for many pets. Instead, the use of the touch gradient may improve overall physical exams and handling. Evaluate known sensitive trigger areas last.
We always want to speak to the animal before touching it to ensure they know we are there and acknowledge our presence.
NEW QUESTION # 626
You are out on a farm call and evaluating a horse with signs consistent with colic. When considering the need for surgical intervention, all of the following factors will lead you to refer for possible surgical intervention rather than hospitalization alone, except:
Answer: A
Explanation:
When evaluating horses in the field for colic, in addition to determining any underlying cause, you will likely be providing pain management and possibly other types of intervention on-site. However, it would be best if you recognized when the patient requires more care than you can deliver on the farm (needs hospitalization) or is deteriorating to the point where surgery is indicated and immediate referral is warranted.
You will want to monitor the following parameters to determine if a referral and surgical or medical management are necessary. If you have a full-service hospital with appropriate staff, referral could mean to your clinic, specialty practice, or similar entity capable of providing needed care.
Parameters to monitor include:
1. Attitude
2. Severity of pain
3. Signs
4. Peristalsis
5. Nasogastric reflux
6. Rectal palpation findings and progression/changes
7. PCV/TP
8. Response to treatment provided
Indications for surgical intervention include depression, progressive and moderate to severe pain and clinical signs, cold extremities, and other signs of shock. Further, weak pulses and heart rates above 75 BPM are of concern. Animals with injected gums and CRT > 2.5 seconds are likely dehydrated and require intervention. Patients needing surgery may have a normal or mildly elevated temperature, so this cannot be the only parameter utilized. Lack of feces, lack of borborygmi, and overall ileus warrants immediate surgical consideration. Further, animals with bowel displacement or distension, moderately to severely increased PCV/TS, and > 5 L of net nasogastric reflux, especially with rapid recurrence of fluid accumulation, are all indicative of the need to refer. Finally, monitor closely for responses to any therapies provided. A failure to respond, remaining painful despite intervention, or deterioration in mental status suggest urgency and the need for surgical intervention.
Compare this to hospitalization needs, where the patient remains bright, alert, and responsive, and the pain may be mild to moderate but more transient. The patient responds to pain management and any fluid therapy. The heart rate remains less than 55 BPM, and the pulses are strong. These patients will retain warm limbs, still be passing feces, and have appropriate gut sounds/peristalsis. They will have normal evaluations on rectal palpation and only slight elevations in PCV/TS. Their CRTs will be < 2 with normal pink mucous membranes. Finally, they will have less than 2 L of net reflux.
NEW QUESTION # 627
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