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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment - Infection control, sanitation, isolation - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients |
| Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Dentistry | 7% | - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition - Periodontal care and patient education |
| Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies |
| Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Client education, communication techniques - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques |
| Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Image quality assessment and documentation - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal |
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NEW QUESTION # 1050
You are visiting a farm with multiple cattle for routine preventative care. You notice that one of the cows not being evaluated today has a slight lameness. You ask the client if they would like the cow evaluated, and they say no. You ask why, in an attempt to educate the client about signs of pain in cows.
The client may give all of the following reasons not to have the cow evaluated. Which excuse is false?
Answer: D
Explanation:
You can easily explain to the owner signs of pain in cattle, including lameness, suggesting that something with the leg not appropriately used is painful, or she would be entirely putting weight on it. Yes, animals do experience pain. They have similar nervous systems, musculoskeletal systems, and more, that allow them to function as humans do. They may be less likely to show overt signs of pain and may wait until they are sicker or more injured than a human, but they still show signs of pain.
Signs of pain in cattle may include:
*Changes in appetite
*Decreased energy
*Decreased milk production in milk-producing cattle
*Restlessness
*Pawing at a body part or the ground
*Not wanting to move around
*Reluctance to stand at the milker
*Laying down more often than normal
*Abnormal gait
However, cattle, even those actively producing milk for consumption, can utilize various pain medications. There are fewer drug choices available in production animals. However, many can be safely used. Caution must be taken with several drug classes or medications, as some non-pain medications are prohibited for use in food-producing animals.
While pain medications can be used, caution will be needed as appropriate withdrawal times may be warranted. Withdrawal time means not using that cow's milk for a certain period while the drug may remain in her system. The medicine could be excreted in the milk and thus, pose a human health risk if consumed. Various drugs have different withdrawal times, but that is not a justifiable reason to withhold pain management in any species.
Just because a cow still produces milk, even at a decent volume, this doesn't mean that she isn't painful. Additionally, just because the cow is eating normally and not losing weight, doesn't mean she isn't painful. Cattle are prey species despite their size. Their instinct tells them to eat and hide illness. While the cow may have just an intermittent lameness, she could have a serious injury and still produce milk and eat well for a period of time. If it goes on too long, she likely would demonstrate additional signs of pain and may stop producing well.
Sadly, especially in food-producing animals, cost does play a role in treating an individual animal. Preventative herd health commonly supersedes that of an individual. The value of the animal may not be enough to justify a farmer paying for individual care.
NEW QUESTION # 1051
A farmer requests you come to the farm. He has a dairy herd but has several animals that are kept for his kids and used in 4-H and for showing. One of the heifers who has not yet mated is acting abnormally. She is still eating and grazing, but he isn't sure if she is ill or having behavioral changes and wants an evaluation. You take the patient history and ask the owner what behavioral signs the cow shows. He states that she intermittently has wide eyes, and the whites are often visible. She seems to be scared, with her eyes constantly looking around. When approached, she used to be easily handled. She readily accepted a halter, but now she lowers her head away from people's hands, then balks and runs away. She seems to be startled easily. The other day, a car backfired, and she jumped a mile and ran back into her barn stall. He is concerned about something medically wrong and requests a farm call.
At what stress level would you classify this animal as, based on the owner's description?
Answer: D
Explanation:
When taking a medical history, gathering the owner's (farmer, producer) opinions on behavior and underlying chief complaint is important. This helps demonstrate what they are seeing. Animals do not always behave the same when the veterinary staff is on-site. Thus, we may not witness the behaviors of concern.
This animal is moderately stressed. Heifers, prior to mating, act like normal cows and are usually not fearful or overly wary of their environment.
Relaxed cattle:
*Stand or walk calmly and graze or casually lie down while ruminating
*Hold their tails in a neutral position, hanging down, relaxed
*When curious, they approach something with composure; the head is held up, and the tail is in an inverted "U" shape
*When content, they use their ears and point them toward a noise, threat, or something that interests them
*Also when content, they often groom herdmates and nuzzle people or each other Mildly stressed cattle:
*Have slightly widened eyes with the head only slightly elevated and a closed mouth
*May turn their heads to the side and move away from sounds or people
*If stress arises while actively grazing or lying down, eating ceases, and they stand; they then usually seek out companionship with other herdmates, thereby moving away from the threat
*May maintain a relaxed tail position or sway it slightly
Moderately stressed cattle:
*Commonly have widened eyes with visible sclera
*May dart their eyes around, constantly searching for danger
*Often try to escape (lowering their heads and darting away), but they will simply freeze if escape isn't feasible
*Tightly hold the tail close to the body, sometimes even tucked between the legs; alternatively, they may hold it up, forming an inverted "U" if overtly alert and threatened
*Startle at the drop of a hat and may show twitchiness or jumpiness
Severely stressed cattle:
*Are at risk of causing damage to themselves, other animals, and people
*Have wide eyes, with sclera visible but also rolling
*If bulls, they may charge
*May paw at the ground
*Often point their heads (and, if present, horns) toward a perceived danger
*Often face a threat with their heads lowered but swinging side to side
*May wag their tails vigorously - this can often be a precursor to a kick, so watch the tails
*Are the most likely to kick, and remember, cattle can kick in all directions - front, side, and backward
NEW QUESTION # 1052
How do negative contrast agents appear on radiographs?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Negative contrast agents do not absorb x-rays, so appear radiolucent (black) on radiographs. Commonly used examples include air and carbon dioxide.
Positive contrast agents, such as barium sulfate and water soluble organic iodide, are radiopaque and appear white (radiopaque).
NEW QUESTION # 1053
With film radiography, what is the purpose of using grids?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Grids decrease scatter radiation from reaching the film. They are made of alternating strips of lead and radiolucent spacers and allow only the primary x-ray beam to pass through the spacer channels.
Grids absorb some of the primary been, so exposure settings will need to be increased slightly.
The orientation of grid lines are angled to match up with the divergence of the primary beam from the focal point, so it's important that the beam be collimated to the center of the grid and not divided into sections.
There is no safety benefit to the patient, as the grid is not placed between the animal and the radiation source, but between the animal and the film.
Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 487.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 149.
NEW QUESTION # 1054
Which of the following statements regarding analgesic constant rate infusions (CRIs) is false?
Answer: B
Explanation:
CRIs require close supervision of the administration rate through an IV catheter. This is best accomplished in a hospital with automatic fluid pumps. They are not appropriate for administration by owners at home.
Common combinations use a mu agonist opioid with ketamine and lidocaine, such as MLK (morphine-lidocaine-ketamine). Other examples include fentanyl and hydromorphone. A CRI would also include an alpha-2 agonist, or not include certain components.
A loading dose is necessary when starting the CRI to achieve steady-state blood levels. Specific loading doses are drug- and patient-dependent.
Dosing and administration can be easily adjusted based on patient needs. Rates of the infusion can be changed frequently to match patient needs.
NEW QUESTION # 1055
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