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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Supply Chain Security | 20% | - Understand the software supply chain best practices - Minimize base image footprint - Use image admission controllers to prevent use of untrusted images - Use static analysis tools to detect vulnerabilities - Understand the container build process - Use distroless images for static workload - Sign container images and verify signatures - Understand image security scanning and its workflow |
| Monitoring, Logging, and Runtime Security | 20% | - Detect threats at the container level - Perform behavioral analytics to detect malicious activity - Understand and monitor network traffic - Audit and detect logs and events for anomalies - Falco - container security monitoring and threat detection - Minimize the attack surface using container health indicators |
| Cluster Hardening | 15% | - Minimize admission of containers with raw block devices - Minimize admission of containers with FlexVolume volumes - Minimize admission of containers with allowPrivilegeEscalation - Minimize admission of privileged containers - Minimize admission of containers without AppArmor profile - Minimize admission of containers without a security context - Minimize admission of containers with capabilities assigned - Minimize admission of containers that allow host namespaces - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host IPC namespace - Minimize admission of containers with added capabilities - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host network namespace - Minimize admission of containers without seccomp profiles - Minimize admission of containers with sharing the host process namespace - Minimize admission of containers with hostPath volumes |
| Minimize Microservice Vulnerabilities | 20% | - Use OPA Gatekeeper to enforce security controls - Understand the principle of immutable containers - Set appropriate security contexts for pods and containers - Use AppArmor or seccomp profiles to constrain container behavior - Configure network policies for namespace isolation - Use PSP to enforce security controls |
| Cluster Setup | 10% | - Use Cis benchmarks to check Kubernetes cluster settings - Understand the security implications of embedding cloud provider flags - Configure TLS certificates and minimum version for etcd - Manage sensitive information in clusters - Use role-based access control (RBAC) to minimize exposure - Use Pod Security Policies to control security-related pod behaviors - Implement Pod-to-Pod encryption using mTLS or WireGuard |
| System Hardening | 15% | - Understand the concept of OPA (Open Policy Agent) and Gatekeeper - Modify host components to improve security - Kernel defaults and parameters using sysctl - Enable audit logging |
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NEW QUESTION # 57
SIMULATION
You must complete this task on the following cluster/nodes: Cluster: immutable-cluster Master node: master1 Worker node: worker1 You can switch the cluster/configuration context using the following command:
[desk@cli] $ kubectl config use-context immutable-cluster
Context: It is best practice to design containers to be stateless and immutable.
Task:
Inspect Pods running in namespace prod and delete any Pod that is either not stateless or not immutable.
Use the following strict interpretation of stateless and immutable:
1. Pods being able to store data inside containers must be treated as not stateless.
Note: You don't have to worry whether data is actually stored inside containers or not already.
2. Pods being configured to be privileged in any way must be treated as potentially not stateless or not immutable.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the Explanation belowExplanation:
Reference:
https://cloud.google.com/architecture/best-practices-for-operating-containers
NEW QUESTION # 58
SIMULATION
a. Retrieve the content of the existing secret named default-token-xxxxx in the testing namespace.
Store the value of the token in the token.txt
b. Create a new secret named test-db-secret in the DB namespace with the following content:
username: mysql
password: password@123
Create the Pod name test-db-pod of image nginx in the namespace db that can access test-db-secret via a volume at path /etc/mysql-credentials
Answer:
Explanation:
To add a Kubernetes cluster to your project, group, or instance:
Navigate to your:
Project's Operations > Kubernetes page, for a project-level cluster.
Group's Kubernetes page, for a group-level cluster.
Admin Area > Kubernetes page, for an instance-level cluster.
Click Add Kubernetes cluster.
Click the Add existing cluster tab and fill in the details:
Kubernetes cluster name (required) - The name you wish to give the cluster.
Environment scope (required) - The associated environment to this cluster.
API URL (required) - It's the URL that GitLab uses to access the Kubernetes API. Kubernetes exposes several APIs, we want the "base" URL that is common to all of them. For example, https://kubernetes.example.com rather than https://kubernetes.example.com/api/v1.
Get the API URL by running this command:
kubectl cluster-info | grep -E 'Kubernetes master|Kubernetes control plane' | awk '/http/ {print $NF}' CA certificate (required) - A valid Kubernetes certificate is needed to authenticate to the cluster. We use the certificate created by default.
List the secrets with kubectl get secrets, and one should be named similar to default-token-xxxxx. Copy that token name for use below.
Get the certificate by running this command:
kubectl get secret <secret name> -o jsonpath="{['data']['ca\.crt']}"
NEW QUESTION # 59
You are responsible for deploying a Kubernetes cluster on-premises using kubeadm. Ensure the integrity of the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries before deploying the cluster.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step):
1. Download the binaries: Download the kubeadm, kubelet, and kubectl binaries for your desired version from the official Kubernetes release page
(httpswgitnub.com/kubernetes/kllbernetes,treleases](httpswwww.google.com/url?
sa=E&source=gmail&q=httpswgithub.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/releases)).
2. Verify the checksums: Compare the SHA-256 checksums of the downloaded binaries with the checksums provided on the release page.
bash
sna256sum kubeadm kubelet kubectl
3. Verify the signatures (optional): If you require stronger assurance, download the corresponding signature files (.asc) and verify the signatures using
the official Kubernetes public key.
bash
gpg --verify kubeadm.sha256.asc kubeadm
4. Install the binaries: Once you have verified the integrity of the binaries, install them in the appropriate locations on your nodes.
bash
sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 kubeadm kubelet kubectl /usr/bin/
5. Proceed with cluster deployment: After verifying and installing the binaries, you can proceed with deploying your Kubernetes cluster using kubeadm.
NEW QUESTION # 60
You are running a Kubernetes cluster with a deployment named "my-app" that has been experiencing unexpected crashes. The crash logs indicate that the container's memory consumption is exceeding the resource limits defined in the deployment YAML. Explain how you can utilize the Kubernetes resource quotas and admission controller to prevent this from happening again.
Answer:
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Create a ResourceQuota:
- Define a ResourceQuota that limits the resources that can be consumed by pods in a specific namespace.
- Specify the limits for CPU, memory, storage, and other resources.
- For example, to limit memory usage to 2Gi per pod in the "my-app" namespace:
2. Enable the Resourceauota Admission Controller: - Ensure that the "Resourceauota" admission controller is enabled in your Kubernetes cluster. This can usually be done by setting the 'admissioncontror flag in the 'kube-apiserver' configuration. 3. Apply the ResourceQuota: - Apply the ResourceQuota to the "my-app" namespace using 'kubectl apply -f resource-quota_yaml 4. Update the Deployment - Modify the deployment's YAML file to specify the resource requests and limits for the container, ensuring they are within the defined ResourceQuota limits. For example:
5. Apply the updated deployment - Apply the updated deployment using 'kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml' 6. Monitor and Evaluate: - Monitor the resource consumption of pods in the "my-app" namespace and adjust the ResourceQuota limits as needed to ensure that your cluster remains stable.
NEW QUESTION # 61
SIMULATION
Task
Create a NetworkPolicy named pod-access to restrict access to Pod users-service running in namespace dev-team.
Only allow the following Pods to connect to Pod users-service:
Answer:
Explanation:
NEW QUESTION # 62
......
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