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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Protocol-Independent Routing | 10-15% | - Load balancing - Routing instances and RIB groups - Filter-based forwarding - Martian addresses - Static, aggregate, and generated routes |
| Topic 2: Tunnels | 5-8% | - GRE and IP-IP tunnels - Tunnel configuration and usage |
| Topic 3: Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) | 10-15% | - Adjacencies and levels - Metrics and wide metrics - Configuration and monitoring - PDUs and TLVs |
| Topic 4: Layer 2 Bridging and VLANs | 8-12% | - VLANs and trunking - Bridging concepts - Service provider switching features |
| Topic 5: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) | 12-18% | - Terminology and forwarding - Configuration and monitoring - Labels and LIB - LDP and RSVP - Segment routing basics |
| Topic 6: High Availability | 5-8% | - Graceful restart - Nonstop active routing - NSR and GRES concepts |
| Topic 7: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) | 20-25% | - Basic operation and message types - IBGP and EBGP - Path selection and attributes - Configuration and troubleshooting - Policy and route filtering |
| Topic 8: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) | 15-20% | - Areas and router types - Configuration and troubleshooting - LSA types and operation - Link-state database |
| Topic 9: Spanning Tree Protocols | 8-12% | - Configuration and convergence - Port roles and states - STP, RSTP, MSTP, VSTP - BPDU and protection features |
| Topic 10: IPv6 | 8-12% | - OSPFv3 and BGP for IPv6 - Static and dynamic routing - Address types and format - Autoconfiguration |
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NEW QUESTION # 56
Which BGP attribute is used to detect routing loops?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which address is used by OSPF hello packets?
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 58
Exhibit:
Referring to the exhibit, you have configured R1, R2, R3, and R4 to be a part of OSPF area 0 and you have connected them to a broadcast segment. Assuming all four routers come online within one minute of each other, which router becomes the DR and which router becomes the BDR?
Answer: D
Explanation:
In OSPF networks, when multiple routers are connected to a shared multi-access broadcast segment (like an Ethernet switch), they undergo an election process to select aDesignated Router (DR)and aBackup Designated Router (BDR). This mechanism is essential for reducing the number of adjacencies and limiting the volume of Link State Advertisement (LSA) flooding on the segment.
The OSPF election process follows a strict hierarchy based on the following criteria:
* Interface Priority:The router with the highest OSPF interface priority is elected as the DR. The router with the second-highest priority becomes the BDR. In Junos, the default priority is 128, but it can be manually configured between 0 and 255.
* Router ID:If there is a tie in priority, the router with the numerically highest Router ID (RID) wins the election.
Analyzing the configuration provided in the exhibit:
* R1:Priority 200, Router-ID 192.168.1.1
* R2:Priority 100, Router-ID 192.168.1.2
* R3:Priority 50, Router-ID 192.168.1.3
* R4:Priority 90, Router-ID 192.168.1.4
Comparing the priority values,R1 has the highest priority (200)and therefore becomes theDR. The next highest priority value among the remaining routers is100, which belongs to R2, making it theBDR. Although R4 has a higher Router ID than R2, the priority value is evaluated first and takes precedence.
Since all routers came online within a short window (one minute), they participate in the same election cycle, ensuring the configured priorities dictate the outcome rather than "first-come, first-served" preemption behavior common in OSPF once a DR is already established.
NEW QUESTION # 59
Referring to the exhibit. Routers R1 and R4 have a VRRP priority of 90, while R2 and R3 have default VRRP priorities Referring to the exhibit, which router will be elected as the primary VRRP router?
Answer: B
Explanation:
In a VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) configuration, the router with the highest priority is elected as the primary (master) router. If two or more routers have the same highest priority, the one with the highest IP address is elected.
Default VRRP priority is 100.
From the question:
- R1 and R4 have a priority of 90.
- R2 and R3 have default priority (100).
Since R2 and R3 both have the highest priority (100), VRRP will elect the one with the higher IP address as the master.
- R2: 203.0.113.2
- R3: 203.0.113.3 โ higher IP
NEW QUESTION # 60
For two or more switches to participate in the same MSTP region, which parameter must match?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP), as defined in IEEE 802.1s and implemented in Juniper Networks Junos OS, allows for the grouping of VLANs into specific spanning tree instances. This provides significant scalability and load-balancing advantages over traditional STP or RSTP. To achieve this, switches must be grouped into logical "Regions." According to Juniper documentation, for two or more switches to be considered part of the sameMSTP Region, they must possess an identicalMSTP Configuration Identifier. This identifier consists of three specific attributes that must match exactly across all participating switches:
* MSTI Name (Region Name):A descriptive string (up to 32 characters) that identifies the region.
* MSTI Revision Level:A numerical value (0-65535) used to track configuration changes.
* VLAN-to-Instance Mapping:The specific table that defines which VLAN IDs are associated with which Multiple Spanning Tree Instances (MSTIs).
If even one of these parameters-such as theRegion name(Option A)-differs, the switches will treat each other as being in separate regions. When switches are in different regions, they interact using theCommon Spanning Tree (CST), effectively seeing the other region as a single "virtual bridge," which limits the granularity of traffic engineering.
TheExtended system ID(Option B) is a component of the Bridge ID used to carry VLAN information in PVST+ but is not a region-matching requirement.Root bridge priority(Option C) andRoot bridge ID(Option D) are variables used during the STP election process to determine the topology's root, but they do not define the boundaries of an MSTP region itself.
NEW QUESTION # 61
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