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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Key Topics Across All Competencies | - Currency Appreciation and Depreciation - Global Business Strategies and Porter's Framework - International Trade Policies (Tariffs, Quotas) - Supply and Demand Shifts - Elastic vs. Inelastic Goods - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Impacts |
| Topic 2: Competency 3: Economic Decision-Making by Firms and Customers | - Firm Behavior Under Different Market Structures (Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly) - Consumer Behavior (Budget Constraint, Indifference Curves) |
| Topic 3: Competency 1: International Trade and Currency Exchange | - Introduction to International Trade Theories - Impact of Interest Rates on Financial Flows and Exchange Rates - Currency Exchange Rate Determination |
| Topic 4: Competency 2: Political and Economic Forces | - Property Rights and the Rule of Law - Market Economy vs. Command Economy |
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質問 # 85
What is deadweight cost?
正解:D
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers,deadweight cost (or deadweight loss)is defined asa net loss that occurs in an economy as a result of tariffs or other market distortions, making option D the correct answer.
Deadweight cost represents the reduction in total economic surplus-consumer surplus plus producer surplus-that is not offset by gains to any other group, including the government.
When a tariff is imposed on imported goods, domestic prices rise above world prices. As a result, consumers purchase less of the good and pay higher prices, while domestic producers may increase output despite being less efficient than foreign producers. Although the government collects tariff revenue, this revenue does not fully compensate for the loss experienced by consumers and the misallocation of resources. The portion of lost surplus that is not transferred to producers or the government is the deadweight cost.
Option A is incorrect because a government payment to a domestic firm refers to asubsidy, not a deadweight cost. Option B describes ananti-dumping tariff, which is a specific trade policy instrument rather than a definition of deadweight cost. Option C definesopportunity cost, a fundamental economic concept distinct from deadweight loss.
From a managerial perspective,Global Economics for Managersemphasizes that deadweight costs signal economic inefficiency. Tariffs distort price signals, encouraging production in higher-cost domestic industries and discouraging consumption that would otherwise generate value. These inefficiencies reduce overall economic welfare and can lead to retaliation by trading partners, further magnifying losses.
Understanding deadweight cost is essential for managers operating in global markets, as it explains why protectionist policies often reduce national and global welfare despite benefiting specific interest groups.
Thus, option D accurately reflects the definition and economic significance of deadweight cost in international trade analysis.
質問 # 86
Which effect does increased government spending have on aggregate demand if the multiplier effect is greater than the crowding-out effect?
正解:A
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, when themultiplier effect exceeds the crowding-out effect, increased government spending causesaggregate demand (AD) to rise by more than the initial increase in spending, making option A correct.
The multiplier effect occurs because government spending generates income, which leads to further consumption. Crowding out occurs when government borrowing raises interest rates and reduces private investment. If the multiplier is stronger, the net effect is an amplified increase in AD.
Thus, option A is correct.
質問 # 87
What is a key feature of an oligopoly?
正解:D
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, oligopolies are often modeled as aprisoner's dilemma, making option B correct.
Firms face incentives to cooperate for mutual gain but also incentives to cheat to maximize individual profit.
This tension explains price rigidity, collusion instability, and strategic behavior.
Other options describe competitive markets or are not universally true.
Thus, option B is correct.
質問 # 88
What is the definition of marginal cost?
正解:D
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers,marginal cost (MC)is defined asthe increase in total cost that arises from producing one additional unit of output, making option B correct. Marginal cost plays a central role in production and pricing decisions because it reflects the incremental cost of expanding output.
Marginal cost typically includes additional labor, materials, and variable inputs required for one more unit.
Fixed costs do not affect marginal cost in the short run because they do not change with output. As production increases, marginal cost may initially decline due to specialization and efficiency gains, but it often rises later because of diminishing marginal returns.
Managers rely on marginal cost to determine optimal output levels. Producing beyond the point where marginal cost exceeds marginal revenue reduces profit. Therefore, understanding marginal cost is essential for profit maximization, cost control, and operational planning.
Thus, option B correctly defines marginal cost.
質問 # 89
When confronting MNEs, the extender strategy centers on what?
正解:D
解説:
InGlobal Economics for Managers, theextender strategycenters onleveraging homegrown competencies abroad, making option A the correct answer. This strategy is typically adopted by firms whose competitive assets are strong and transferable across borders and that operate in industries with significant pressure to globalize.
Homegrown competencies may include proprietary technology, strong brands, efficient production processes, or superior managerial know-how developed in the domestic market. Under an extender strategy, firms take these existing strengths and apply them to foreign markets, often through exporting, licensing, franchising, or foreign direct investment. The goal is to extend the firm's competitive advantage beyond national borders without fundamentally altering its core business model.
Option B describes adodger or collaborator strategy, which emphasizes cooperation rather than independent expansion. Option C aligns more closely with adefender strategy, where firms rely on local advantages to resist foreign competition. Option D reflects elements of acontender strategy, where firms prioritize learning before expanding internationally.
The extender strategy is particularly effective when firms face global competitors but already possess assets that can be scaled internationally at relatively low cost. For managers, understanding this strategy is critical for deciding when and how to internationalize operations in response to MNE competition.
Thus, option A accurately reflects the central focus of the extender strategy as defined inGlobal Economics for Managers.
質問 # 90
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