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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Enterprise Firewall | - High availability - Authentication and identity - Centralized management and analytics - VPN technologies - Security Fabric integration - Advanced firewall deployment - Troubleshooting - Routing and advanced networking |
| SD-WAN | - Application steering - Overlay VPN - Deployment and troubleshooting - Performance SLA - SD-WAN routing - SD-WAN architecture |
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NEW QUESTION # 35
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the output of diagnose sys session stat.
Which statement about the output shown in the exhibit is correct?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is D .
The exhibit shows:
* session_count=591
* clash=162
* memory_tension_drop=0
* TCP sessions:
* 166 in NONE state
* 1 in ESTABLISHED state
* 3 in SYN_SENT state
* 2 in TIME_WAIT state
The study guide explains the TCP protocol states and states explicitly:
"When a session is closed by both the sender and receiver, FortiGate keeps that session in the session table for a few seconds, to allow for any out-of-order packets that might arrive after the FIN/ACK packet. This is the state value 5." In diagnose sys session stat, the exhibit shows 2 in TIME_WAIT state . Since TIME_WAIT = state value 5
, those are the sessions being kept briefly for possible out-of-order packets. That makes D correct.
Why the other options are wrong:
* A is wrong because session_count=591 is the total number of sessions, while the TCP sessions shown add up to only 172 (166 + 1 + 3 + 2). So not all sessions in the table are TCP sessions.
* B is wrong because the study guide says the number of sessions deleted because of low free memory is shown by memory_tension_drop , and in the exhibit it is 0 , not 162.
* C is wrong because the study guide defines ephemeral/open TCP sessions as those not fully established , but the exhibit does not say all 166 in NONE state are specifically "waiting to complete the three-way handshake." The clearest directly supported statement from the displayed states is the 2 TIME_WAIT sessions retained for out-of-order packets.
So the verified answer is: D .
NEW QUESTION # 36
Refer to the exhibit, which shows the omitted output of a session table entry.
Which two statements are true? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
In the provided session table output, the following details justify the answers:
Policy ID Match: The line policy_id=1 directly confirms that this session was matched by Firewall Policy ID
1. According to Fortinet's session table documentation, the policy_id field always references the policy that allowed this session, so this is a clear indicator.
Session Offloading: The presence of the strings npu_state, ips_offload, and notably the NPU info section such as offload=8/8, ips_offload=1/1 shows that this session has been offloaded to the Network Processor Unit (NPU). Fortinet technical documentation states that " offload " values greater than zero in both directions (and an NPU info section) affirm that NPU hardware processing (fast path) is handling this traffic, thus the session is not being handled in software only.
Other options:
VLAN Tagging (vlan=0x0000/0x0000): This means no VLAN tag is assigned to this session.
NP7: The actual NPU model handling the session isn't exposed in this snippet-the offload parameters shown are generic and not specific to NP7 hardware, so it cannot be concluded from the session data.
References:
Fortinet Technical Tip: FortiGate Session Table and NPU Offloading
FortiOS Diagnostics Guide: Policy ID, Offload, and VLAN Session Table Fields
NEW QUESTION # 37
Refer to the exhibit.
The partial output of a session table entry is shown.
Which two statements about the output shown in the exhibit are correct? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
The correct answers are B and C . The session table output clearly shows policy_id=1 , which means the traffic matched firewall Policy ID 1 . That directly validates option B . The output also shows NPU-related offload indicators, including npu_state=... ips_offload and npu info: ... offload=8/8, ips_offload=1/1 .
These fields indicate that the session has been offloaded to hardware, so option C is correct. The study guide explains that FortiGate can offload sessions to network processors after session establishment, allowing subsequent packets to bypass normal CPU/kernel processing for improved performance. It also states that offloaded sessions are handled by the network processor rather than the CPU path.
Option A is too specific and is not proven by the exhibit. The output shows NPU offload, but it does not explicitly identify the hardware as NP7. Do not assume NP7 unless the platform or output confirms it.
Option D is wrong because the VLAN-related fields show vlan=0x0000/0x0000 and vtag_in=0x0000
/0x0000, which means the traffic is not VLAN-tagged.
NEW QUESTION # 38
Refer to the exhibit.
The partial output of diagnose sys session stat command is shown.
Which statement about the output shown in the exhibit is correct?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The correct answer is C .
The exhibit shows:
* 562 in ESTABLISHED state
* 27 in CLOSE state
* memory_tension_drop=0
* ephemeral=0/131072
According to the study guide, for TCP sessions: "The protocol state in the session table is a two-digit number. For TCP, the first number (from left to right) is related to the server-side state and is 0 when the session is not subject to any inspection (flow or proxy)... The second digit is the client-side state." The same page also shows that value 1 = ESTABLISHED So, if a TCP session is in ESTABLISHED state and there is no inspection , its proto_state is 01 :
* first digit 0 = no inspection
* second digit 1 = ESTABLISHED
That makes C correct. This is also consistent with FortiOS examples showing established TCP sessions with proto=6 proto_state=01 Why the other options are wrong:
* A is wrong because the field that indicates sessions dropped due to low free memory is memory_tension_drop, and in the exhibit it is 0 , not 113. The study guide states: "If there is a lack of free memory, the kernel deletes the oldest sessions. The command shown on this slide displays the number of sessions the kernel deleted because of this mechanism." So 113 is the clash value, not memory-tension drops.
* B is wrong because ephemeral=0/131072 does not mean 131072 ephemeral sessions were recorded.
The study guide explains that FortiGate "sets a hard limit on the maximum number of ephemeral sessions that can exist at the same time in the session table." Therefore:
* 0 = current ephemeral sessions
* 131072 = maximum allowed ephemeral sessions for that model/context
* D is wrong because the study guide says the temporary retention for possible out-of-order packets happens in state value 5 (TIME_WAIT) : "When a session is closed by both the sender and receiver, FortiGate keeps that session in the session table for a few seconds, to allow for any out- of-order packets that might arrive after the FIN/ACK packet. This is the state value 5." But the exhibit shows 27 in CLOSE state , and the same table shows CLOSE = 6 , not TIME_WAIT So the verified answer is C .
NEW QUESTION # 39
Refer to the exhibit.
FortiGate is showing continuous high CPU usage During a maintenance window, the CLI command diagnose sys top displays the output shown in the exhibit. The CLI command diagnose twat application ipsmonitor 5 was run. but the CPU usage by daemon ipsengine did not drop Which immediate action can you take to reduce the CPU usage effectively?
Answer: C
Explanation:
To solve this high CPU usage scenario involving the ipsengine, we must understand the specific functions of the diagnose test application ipsmonitor commands shown in the troubleshooting steps.
Analyze the Situation:
Exhibit: The diagnose sys top output shows the ipsengine process is in a run state (R) consuming 99% CPU.
Previous Action: The administrator already ran diagnose test application ipsmonitor 5.
Result: The CPU usage did not drop.
Understand the Commands:
diagnose test application ipsmonitor 5: This command toggles IPS Bypass Mode. When enabled, the IPS engine lets traffic pass through without inspection.
Implication: If the CPU was high due to traffic volume, enabling bypass would drop the CPU load immediately.
Failure: Since the CPU remained at 99% after bypass, the ipsengine process is likely frozen, stuck, or in an internal infinite loop unrelated to the current traffic flow. The process itself is the problem, not the traffic volume.
Evaluate the Solution (Option B):
diagnose test application ipsmonitor 2: This command toggles the IPS engine ' s Enable/Disable status.
Because the engine is stuck (bypass failed to relieve pressure), the " Immediate action " required is to stop or restart the process entirely.
Running option 2 effectively disables/kills the stuck IPS engine instance, which will immediately drop the CPU usage to near zero. (It can then be toggled again to restart it).
Why other options are incorrect:
A (Reduce signatures): This is a tuning measure for normal operation, not an immediate fix for a stuck process at 99% CPU.
C (Disable IPS on policies): This is a configuration change that takes time and requires a commit; it is not the most immediate diagnostic tool available.
D (Bypass all IPS engines): This describes the action of command 5 (Bypass), which the prompt explicitly states was already performed and failed.
Reference:
FortiGate Security 7.6 Study Guide (IPS & Diagnostics): " Troubleshooting IPS high CPU: 1. Check top. 2.
Try bypass (ipsmonitor 5). 3. If CPU persists, restart the engine (ipsmonitor 99 or 2). "
NEW QUESTION # 40
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