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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| OSPF and IS-IS Routing Protocols | - OSPF configuration and troubleshooting
|
| Troubleshooting and Operations | - Performance and monitoring
|
| MPLS and Service Provider Technologies | - MPLS fundamentals
|
| BGP and Routing Policy | - Routing policy control
|
| Service Provider Architecture & Junos Fundamentals | - Service provider network design basics
|
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NEW QUESTION # 56
What are two types of BGP messages exchanged while in the Established state? (Choose two.)
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
In theBorder Gateway Protocol (BGP)finite state machine (FSM), theEstablishedstate is the final and functional stage of a BGP peering session. According to Juniper Networks technical documentation, once a session reaches this state, the two peers have successfully exchanged Open messages and agreed upon session parameters (such as AS numbers, hold timers, and BGP identifiers). Only after the session is "Established" can the routers begin the actual exchange of network layer reachability information (NLRI).
The most frequent message type exchanged in the Established state is theUPDATEmessage. These messages are the heart of BGP operations; they are used to advertise new feasible routes to a peer or to withdraw routes that are no longer reachable. An UPDATE message contains path attributes (like AS-Path, Next-Hop, and Local Preference) and the associated prefixes. In a stable network, UPDATE messages are only sent when there is a change in the topology, adhering to BGP's incremental update philosophy.
The second message type that can be exchanged in this state is theNOTIFICATIONmessage. While ideally, a session stays established, any detected error-such as a hold timer expiration, a malformed update, or a manual "clear" command-will trigger the transmission of a NOTIFICATION message. This message informs the peer of the specific error code and immediately causes the BGP session to transition back to the Idle state, tearing down the TCP connection.
It is important to note thatOPENmessages (Option A) are only used during the session initialization phase to transition from the OpenConfirm state to Established.REQUEST(Option B) is not a valid BGP message type defined in the standard (RFC 4271); the closest equivalent in functionality would be a Route-Refresh message, which is a separate extension. Therefore, in the context of standard BGP operations within the Established state, Updates and Notifications are the correct answers.
NEW QUESTION # 57
Which IS-IS adjacency state indicates that hello packets have been exchanged but the adjacency is not yet fully established?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In theIS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)protocol, the process of forming an adjacency between two neighbors follows a specific sequence of states. While OSPF uses states like "Init," "Two-Way," and "Full," IS-IS uses a slightly different nomenclature within its state machine.
According to Juniper Networks technical documentation, when a router first sends anIS-IS Hello (IIH) PDU and receives one back from a neighbor, but has not yet confirmed that the neighbor "sees" it back, the adjacency enters theInitializingstate. Specifically, on a point-to-point link, the state transitions fromDownto Initializingas soon as the first PDU is received. On a broadcast network (like Ethernet), the Initializing state indicates that the local router has received a Hello PDU from the neighbor, but the local router's own System ID is not yet listed in the neighbor's list of "seen" neighbors (the neighbor's Hello PDU does not yet contain the local router's MAC address).
The adjacency only moves to theUpstate (Option C) once bi-directional communication is confirmed- meaning both routers have seen each other's System IDs in the incoming Hello PDUs.
Why other options are incorrect:
* Loading (Option A):This is an OSPF state, not an IS-IS state. In IS-IS, database synchronization happens after the adjacency is Up.
* Two-Way (Option D):While functionally similar to the state IS-IS is achieving, "Two-Way" is the specific terminology for OSPF. In IS-IS, the intermediate step between knowing a neighbor exists and having a fully functional adjacency is strictly calledInitializing.
NEW QUESTION # 58
Which two protocols would be used for dynamic routing in IPv6 environments? (Choose two.)
Answer: C,D
Explanation:
IS-IS supports IPv6 routing using the Integrated IS-IS extensions, which allow the protocol to carry IPv6 reachability information using TLVs defined for IPv6.
BGP supports IPv6 routing through Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP) extensions that allow the exchange of IPv6 network prefixes between peers using the IPv6 address family.
NEW QUESTION # 59
You are asked to add next-hop redundancy using VRRP for an IPv6 enabled service. The configured primary router must always be active when available, and the servers connected to the network must be able to ping their gateway.
Which VRRP element is required to accomplish this requirement?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The preempt function ensures that the router with the higher priority automatically resumes the master role when it becomes available again. This guarantees that the configured primary router always becomes the active VRRP router whenever it is operational, satisfying the requirement that the primary router must always be active when available.
NEW QUESTION # 60
Referring to the exhibit. Which two statements are correct about the service provider MPLS network shown in the exhibit? (Choose two.)
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
In MPLS, multiple paths can be merged if they share the same egress router. In the given scenario, traffic from Network 1 to Network 3 and Network 4 can be engineered to follow the same label- switched path (LSP) within the MPLS network until they reach the last common point before diverging to their respective destinations.
As for R3 performing label operations, in a typical MPLS network, intermediate routers (like R3) perform label swapping. They replace the incoming label with a new label before forwarding the packet along the LSP. A label pop operation is typically performed by the egress router in the case of an ultimate hop pop (UHP), where it removes the MPLS label before delivering the packet to the final destination outside the MPLS domain.
NEW QUESTION # 61
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