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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Inferential Statistics & Study Design | 20% | - Confidence intervals for means/proportions - Sampling methods and bias - Hypothesis testing framework and interpretation - Observational studies vs experiments |
| Probability Concepts | 20% | - Discrete and continuous probability distributions - Normal distribution and empirical rule - Probability rules, independent and dependent events - Conditional probability and Venn diagrams |
| Descriptive Statistics | 25% | - Measures of center: mean, median, mode - Measures of spread: range, IQR, variance, standard deviation - Graphical displays: histograms, boxplots, scatterplots - Types of data: categorical, discrete, continuous |
| Basic Numeracy & Algebra | 15% | - Exponents, roots, and basic formulas - Linear equations, inequalities, graphing functions - Arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percentages |
| Correlation & Regression | 20% | - Interpreting slope, intercept, and R-squared - Simple linear regression models - Correlation coefficient and interpretation - Predictions and limitations of regression |
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NEW QUESTION # 147
Variance of Poisson # = 5 = ?
Answer: B
Explanation:
A defining property of the Poisson distribution is that its variance equals its mean, and both are equal to #.
Since the question states # = 5, the variance is also 5. This property distinguishes the Poisson distribution from many other probability distributions. The mean represents the expected number of events per interval, while the variance describes the spread of the event count around that mean. In a Poisson model with # = 5, event counts tend to vary around 5, and the numerical variance is 5. Option B, 4, option C, 0, and option D, 1, do not follow from the Poisson variance rule. The result is not obtained by squaring # or taking its square root; it is simply equal to #. Study Guide references/topics: Poisson distribution, variance, mean, # parameter.
NEW QUESTION # 148
Which distribution models number of successes in fixed independent trials?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The binomial distribution models the number of successes in a fixed number of independent trials when each trial has only two possible outcomes, usually labeled success and failure, and the probability of success remains constant from trial to trial. These four conditions define the binomial setting: fixed number of trials, independent trials, two outcomes per trial, and constant success probability. Examples include the number of heads in 10 coin flips, the number of defective items in a sample when the defect probability is constant, or the number of students who pass an exam out of a fixed group. The normal distribution describes continuous bell-shaped data, not counts of successes. The Poisson distribution models counts of events occurring over a fixed interval when events occur at a constant average rate. The uniform distribution assigns equal probability across outcomes or intervals. Because the question explicitly states "number of successes" and "fixed independent trials," the correct model is binomial. Study Guide references/topics: binomial distribution, independent trials, success probability, discrete random variables.
NEW QUESTION # 149
Probability of rolling 1, 2, or 3 on die = ?
Answer: A
Explanation:
A standard six-sided die has six equally likely outcomes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The event "rolling 1, 2, or 3" has three favorable outcomes: 1, 2, and 3. The probability is therefore favorable outcomes divided by total outcomes: 3/6. This fraction simplifies to 1/2. Option B, 1/3, would correspond to two favorable outcomes out of six. Option C, 1/6, is the probability of rolling one specific number only. Option D, 2/3, would require four favorable outcomes out of six. Since exactly half of the die faces are 1, 2, or 3, the correct probability is one- half. This is a direct application of theoretical probability with equally likely outcomes. Study Guide references/topics: die probability, favorable outcomes, sample space, theoretical probability.
NEW QUESTION # 150
Standard error decreases when:
Answer: A
Explanation:
The standard error of the mean is calculated as SE = s/#n, where s is the sample standard deviation and n is the sample size. Because n appears in the denominator under a square root, increasing the sample size decreases the standard error when the standard deviation is held constant. This reflects a central idea in sampling: larger samples tend to produce more stable and precise estimates of the population mean. Option C is incorrect because increasing the standard deviation increases the standard error, not decreases it. Option B is incomplete and does not identify what is decreasing. Option D is not the direct driver of standard error; confidence level affects the critical value and margin of error, but the standard error itself is determined by variability and sample size. The correct relationship is inverse: as sample size increases, standard error decreases. Study Guide references/topics: standard error, sample size, sampling variability, precision of estimates.
NEW QUESTION # 151
Independent events: P(A|B) = ?
Answer: D
Explanation:
For independent events, the occurrence of one event does not change the probability of the other. Conditional probability P(A|B) means the probability of A occurring given that B has occurred. If A and B are independent, knowing B occurred gives no new information about A. Therefore, P(A|B) = P(A). This is one of the defining properties of independence. For example, if a coin toss and a die roll are independent, knowing the die landed on 4 does not change the probability that the coin landed heads; it remains 1/2. Option B reverses the event being measured. Option C would imply that A becomes impossible after B, which describes a different situation. Option D is an addition expression and does not represent conditional probability. The correct relationship is that the conditional probability equals the original probability when events are independent. Study Guide references/topics: independent events, conditional probability, probability rules, event relationships.
NEW QUESTION # 152
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