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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Anesthesia | 13% | - Pre-anesthetic assessment and preparation - Recovery and emergency management - Anesthetic agents, equipment, monitoring |
| Topic 2: Emergency Medicine / Critical Care | 7% | - Triage, shock, respiratory/cardiac emergencies - Toxicology, trauma, first aid procedures |
| Topic 3: Pain Management / Analgesia | 7% | - Multimodal analgesia protocols - Pain assessment, pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic control |
| Topic 4: Laboratory Procedures | 9% | - Sample collection, handling and processing - Parasitology, microbiology, cytology - Hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis |
| Topic 5: Animal Care and Nursing | 20% | - Husbandry, nutrition, fluid therapy - Physical examination, patient assessment - Specialized care for exotic, large or neonatal patients - Infection control, sanitation, isolation |
| Topic 6: Diagnostic Imaging | 6% | - Radiography: positioning, safety, technique - Image quality assessment and documentation - Ultrasound, other imaging modalities |
| Topic 7: Communication and Veterinary Professional Support Services | 5% | - Client education, communication techniques - Medical records, ethics, legal and regulatory compliance - Practice management, team collaboration |
| Topic 8: Surgical Nursing | 13% | - Surgical preparation, instrumentation, aseptic technique - Intraoperative and postoperative care - Wound management, suture materials and techniques |
| Topic 9: Dentistry | 7% | - Periodontal care and patient education - Dental cleaning, polishing, radiography - Dental anatomy, disease recognition |
| Topic 10: Pharmacy and Pharmacology | 13% | - Preparation, dispensing, storage, safety and disposal - Controlled substance management - Drug classification, dosage calculation, administration routes - Anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology related to agents |
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NEW QUESTION # 623
You are asked to set up surgery and attend to a patient during prep. The patient, a cow, will be placed in lateral recumbency. You want to ensure sufficient padding is present under the point of the animal's down shoulder while pulling the distal forelimb cranially. The hindlimbs should also be properly separated and padded.
Failing to provide the padding and positioning of the patient in this way could lead to what complication(s)?
Answer: C
Explanation:
Proper positioning of large animals, regardless of species, is paramount to ensure minimal trauma and improve the chances of a speedy recovery. Many food animals have surgeries performed in standing due to the inherent risks of having such a heavy animal (on relatively short legs) recumbent for a period of time. Pressure sores, pressure injuries, and damage can occur due to restricted blood flow and compression of nerves and vessels.
Always ensure appropriate padding between the front and hind limbs and at the point of the down shoulder. Monitor these animals closely upon recovery and ensure they can stand rapidly after waking to minimize damage and chances of problems.
Vascular compromise and nerve impingement can lead to either radial nerve paralysis or myocarditis. Though other injuries are also possible, these are the most commonly appreciated complications.
NEW QUESTION # 624
A new cat client comes to you, and you review the patient's history. The owner mentions that she used to feed a cat food formulated for cats but decided to feed a home-cooked vegetarian diet in the past few months. She says it is well-rounded with vegetables, grains, and protein, though she doesn't specify the ingredients. She is not supplementing the food. However, she never thought to have it balanced by a veterinarian. You explain that cats are obligate carnivores and require meat to ensure they receive all the needed nutrients. Without judgment, you let the owner know that the veterinarian will want to discuss home-cooked diet recommendations in cats, and that the vet will discuss any possible deficiencies that need to be addressed.
As a result, you have concerns that the cat may be deficient in which amino acid?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Taurine, an amino acid key in the function of the ocular, platelet, neurological, myocardial, immune, and reproductive systems, used to be lacking in commercial cat diets. As a result, we would see ocular damage and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a normally dog-associated disease. Since commercial diets became fortified with taurine, DCM in cats is rare. Diets without taurine will include grain/cereal-based diets, vegetarian diets, and dog food. Certain foods may also bind to the amino acid, making it less or less bioavailable.
Further, cats have a low production of taurine when compared to other species. It takes about five months to two years to develop disease. Therefore, if this cat's diet is adjusted now, there shouldn't be any residual issues.
Meat, seafood, and fish have high taurine levels, while plants have none. Eggs and dairy have some taurine.
The other listed amino acids should be obtained sufficiently from the diet or produced by the cat naturally. However, they may also need to be supplemented depending on the overall diet analysis by a board-certified veterinary nutritionist.
NEW QUESTION # 625
A 5 pound kitten needs metronidazole dosed at 15 mg/kg, administered twice daily for seven days. Tablets are available in 250 mg size. You have fish flavor liquid made for compounding medications and want to make a 100 mg/mL liquid.
How many tablets do you need to crush to make this compounded prescription?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Convert pounds to kilograms: 5 pounds / (2.2 pounds/kg) = 2.27 kg
Calculate how many mg total the kitten will need for the course of treatment: 2.27 kg x (15 mg/kg per dose) x (2 doses/day) x (7 days for treatment) = 477 mg Crush two 250 mg tablets to give 500 mg Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 453-454.
NEW QUESTION # 626
Which structures are evaluated during a cystoscopy?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Cystoscopy is an endoscopic exam of the lower urinary tract, including the urethra and urinary bladder Arthroscopy is an endoscopic exam of joints Gastroduodenoscopy is an endoscopic exam of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and duodenum Thoracoscopy is an endoscopic exam of the structures within the thoracic cavity, as visualized within the pleural space Joanna M. Bassert, VMD. McCurnin's Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 9th Edition. Pg 1309.
Mosby's Comprehensive Review for Veterinary Technicians 5th Edition. Pg 187.
NEW QUESTION # 627
An owner who refuses to do medical management for a patient with normal neurological status but cervical intervertebral disc disease wants to know what can be done, excluding using medications or surgery to treat her pet. The veterinarian and you discuss that pain delays healing. You strongly recommend pain management in addition to adjunctive therapy to improve the pet's likelihood of a successful recovery. The pet is in a lot of pain, and you explain that while alternative modalities can be beneficial, they do not provide sufficient pain relief. You are concerned that the pet will suffer. The owner permits an injection of an opioid and takes a prescription for gabapentin, but refuses NSAIDs or steroids. Further, she requests an immediate referral for alternative care. You emphasize that she can always call at any time for pain meds. In discussing alternative care options, the owner asks if she can provide massage therapy at home. You explain that this is feasible and demonstrate a few techniques she can use.
However, you emphasize that massage is contraindicated in endangerment sites, which include all of the following, except:
Answer: C
Explanation:
When discussing massage therapy, demonstrating proper techniques is paramount. Further, informing the owner of sites to avoid, including areas of infection, acute injury, inflamed areas, areas with open wounds, and endangerment sites, is important. These sites include the eyes, throat, brachial plexus, and abdomen, such as over the kidneys or deep near the aorta).
While not considered an endangered site, in animals with underlying heart disease, care should be taken to massage these patients and avoid any area where neoplasia is present.
However, usually, we recommend a trained professional perform massage and then demonstrate to the owner how to perform it at home. Massage can provide short-term relief and may help loosen supporting muscles, manage referred pain regions, and improve circulation. However, without pain medication, it may not provide sufficient pain management for this patient. It is usually used as an adjunct after pain meds are initiated. Strict rest for several days, and then as the pet starts to feel better, it can be combined with various modalities, such as shockwave therapy, electrical stimulation therapy, acupuncture, underwater treadmill, and stretching and strengthening exercises. All of this should be done by a properly trained rehabilitation specialist. Painful animals are less likely to tolerate various modalities.
Note that variable levels of evidence exist in research to support various modalities with low-level support for laser, shockwave, and related modalities. Some studies show no benefits, but individual patients respond to varying degrees, and all modalities may be beneficial and worth trying, safety permitting, especially in a patient where the owner refuses to provide proper pain medication.
NEW QUESTION # 628
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