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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Module 9: Database Forensics | 5% | - Database Fundamentals - Database Forensics Process - Log Analysis and Recovery |
| Topic 2: Module 3: Understanding Hard Disks and File Systems | 15% | - File Systems (FAT, NTFS, ext2/3/4) - Disk Partitions and Boot Process - Hard Disk Drive Basics - File System Analysis |
| Topic 3: Module 2: Computer Forensics Investigation Process | 10% | - Investigation Phase - Pre-Investigation Phase - Investigation Process Overview - Post-Investigation Process |
| Topic 4: Module 1: Computer Forensics in Today's World | 5% | - Cybercrimes and Legalities - Fundamentals of Computer Forensics - Forensic Readiness and Professional Conduct |
| Topic 5: Module 5: Defeating Anti-Forensic Techniques | 10% | - Data Deletion and Encryption - Anti-Forensics Overview - Steganography Detection - Artifact Wiping and Countermeasures |
| Topic 6: Module 6: Operating System Forensics | 15% | - System Artifacts Analysis - Mac OS Forensics - Linux Forensics - Windows Forensics |
| Topic 7: Module 4: Data Acquisition and Duplication | 15% | - Acquisition Methods and Tools - Data Acquisition Fundamentals - Acquisition Best Practices - Validation and Verification |
| Topic 8: Module 10: Cloud Forensics | 5% | - Cloud Evidence Collection - Cloud Forensics Challenges - Cloud Computing Fundamentals |
| Topic 9: Module 7: Network Forensics | 10% | - Network Forensics Fundamentals - Network Traffic Analysis - Incident Detection and Response - Log Analysis |
| Topic 10: Module 11: Malware Forensics | 5% | - Static and Dynamic Analysis - Malware Detection and Removal - Malware Analysis Fundamentals |
| Topic 11: Module 8: Investigating Web-Based Attacks | 5% | - Browser Forensics - Web Application Forensics - Tracking Web Attacks |
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NEW QUESTION # 39
Which of the following NTFS system files contains a record of every file present in the system?
Answer: A
Explanation:
In the NTFS file system, theMaster File Table (MFT)is the core metadata structure that tracksevery file and directoryon the volume. NTFS implements this as a special system file named$MFT(shown here as$mft).
Each file or folder on an NTFS partition is represented by at least oneMFT record entry, which stores essential metadata such as file name(s), timestamps, security identifiers/ACL references, file size, attributes, and pointers to the file's data runs (or, for very small files, the content can be stored resident inside the record). Because it is the authoritative "index" of file objects, forensic examiners rely heavily on $MFT to reconstruct user activity and file history, including evidence of deleted files (when records are marked unused but remnants of attributes may remain) and timeline building from timestamp attributes.
The other options are different NTFS metadata files with narrower purposes:$LogFilerecords NTFS transaction logs to support recovery,$Volumestores volume-level information (like version/label), and$Quotamanages disk quota tracking. None of these contain a record for every file on the system.
Therefore, the NTFS system file that contains a record of every file present is$mft (B).
NEW QUESTION # 40
Bob, a forensic investigator, was instructed to review a Windows machine and identify any anonymous activities performed using it. In this process, Bob used the command "netstat -ano" to view all the active connections in the system and determined that the connections established by the Tor browser were closed.
Which of the following states of the connections established by Tor indicates that the Tor browser is closed?
Answer: C
Explanation:
In Windows network forensics,netstat -anois commonly used to correlateTCP connection stateswithprocess identifiers (PIDs)to understand which application created or used a connection. When Tor Browser is actively communicating, outbound circuits typically appear asESTABLISHEDconnections to Tor relays (entry/guard nodes) or local loopback endpoints used by Tor components. After the browser is closed and the application tears down connections, Windows TCP/IP behavior often leaves recently closed sockets inTIME_WAIT.
TIME_WAITis a normal TCP state that appears after a connection has been actively closed. It exists to ensure delayed packets from the old session are not misinterpreted as belonging to a new session and to allow proper retransmission of the final ACK if needed. From an investigative standpoint, seeing Tor-related endpoints transition from ESTABLISHED toTIME_WAITstrongly indicates the sessions were terminated and the application is no longer maintaining live network traffic.
By contrast,CLOSE_WAITusually means the remote side has closed but the local application has not fully closed its socket yet,LISTENINGindicates a service waiting for inbound connections, andESTABLISHEDmeans the session is still active. Therefore,TIME_WAIT (B)best indicates Tor Browser connections have been closed.
NEW QUESTION # 41
Bob, a professional hacker, targeted an organization to launch attacks. Bob gathered information such as network topology and a list of live hosts. Based on the collected information, he launched further attacks over the organization's network.
Identify the type of network attack Bob initiated on the target organization in the above scenario.
Answer: D
Explanation:
The activity described-collectingnetwork topologydetails and compiling alist of live hosts-matches the reconnaissance phase commonly referred to asenumeration. In digital forensics and incident response documentation, enumeration is the systematic process of discovering and extracting information about a target environment to support later exploitation. It typically follows (or overlaps with) scanning and includes identifying active IP addresses, reachable systems, open ports/services, device roles, OS fingerprints, domain information, shared resources, user/group details, and routing or segmentation clues that reveal how the network is structured.
This information is then used to plan "further attacks," such as targeting exposed services, choosing exploit paths, locating high-value systems, and selecting lateral movement routes. From a forensic standpoint, enumeration attempts often leave traces in firewall logs, IDS alerts, and endpoint artifacts (e.g., bursts of connection attempts across many hosts/ports, ICMP echo sweeps, ARP discovery on local segments, and repeated DNS queries).
The other options do not fit:data modificationinvolves altering data integrity;session hijackingtargets active sessions/tokens; andbuffer overflowis an exploitation technique against vulnerable software, not the information-gathering step described. Therefore, the correct answer isEnumeration (B)
NEW QUESTION # 42
Kane, an investigation specialist, was appointed to investigate an incident in an organization's network. In this process, Kane executed a command and identified that a network interface is running in the promiscuous mode and is allowing all incoming packets without any restriction.
In the above scenario, which of the following commands did Kane use to check whether the network interface is set to the promiscuous mode?
Answer: B
Explanation:
Promiscuous mode is a network interface configuration in which the NIC passesall observed framesto the operating system, not only frames addressed to that host's MAC address. In investigations, this matters because promiscuous mode is commonly enabled bypacket sniffers, certain intrusion tools, or misconfigured monitoring software, and it can indicate covert traffic capture on a host.
On UNIX/Linux systems, the traditional command used to view interface flags and status isifconfig < interface name>. When an interface is set to promiscuous mode,ifconfigdisplays aPROMISCflag in the interface's status line, allowing an investigator to confirm whether the NIC is accepting all frames. This directly matches Kane's goal of checking if the interface is running in promiscuous mode.
The other commands do not provide this specific interface flag.nmap -sT localhostscans for open TCP ports, not interface modes.ipconfigis a Windows command (and does not take an interface name in that form to show PROMISC status), and it primarily reports IP configuration.netstat -ishows network interface statistics (packets, errors, drops) but typically does not explicitly indicate promiscuous mode. Therefore, the correct command isifconfig <interface name> (C).
NEW QUESTION # 43
James, a forensic specialist, was appointed to investigate an incident in an organization. As part of the investigation, James is attempting to identify whether any external storage devices are connected to the internal systems. For this purpose, he employed a utility to capture the list of all devices connected to the local machine and removed suspicious devices.
Identify the tool employed by James in the above scenario.
Answer: C
Explanation:
The requirement is tolist devices connected to a local Windows machine, specifically to identifyexternal storage devicesthat may be attached and potentially used for data theft or malware introduction. In Windows forensic practice, investigators often start by enumerating currently mounted volumes and recently connected removable media so they can correlate device presence with suspicious activity timelines and user actions.
DriveLetterViewis a utility designed to display the complete mapping ofdrive letters to storage devices
/volumes, includingremovable drives(USB flash drives, external HDDs), optical media, network-mapped drives, and local partitions. It helps quickly identify what storage devices are present and accessible on the system at the time of inspection, which fits the scenario where James captures a list of connected devices and removes suspicious ones.
The other tools do not match this purpose.ESEDatabaseViewis used to inspect Extensible Storage Engine databases, not enumerate attached storage.ProcDumpis used for creating process memory dumps for debugging/forensic analysis of processes, not for listing connected drives.PromiscDetectrelates to detecting network interfaces in promiscuous mode (packet sniffing), not external storage enumeration. Therefore, the correct tool for identifying connected storage devices isDriveLetterView (C).
NEW QUESTION # 44
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