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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Services and Networking | 20% | - Understand and apply NetworkPolicies - Troubleshoot network access - Use Ingress rules - Expose applications via Services |
| Topic 2: Application Deployment | 20% | - Work with Kustomize - Manage Deployments, rolling updates and rollbacks - Use Helm package manager - Implement deployment strategies |
| Topic 3: Application Design and Build | 20% | - Understand multi-container Pod design patterns - Utilize persistent and ephemeral volumes - Define, build and modify container images - Choose and use appropriate workload resources |
| Topic 4: Application Environment, Configuration and Security | 25% | - Apply application security settings - Understand authentication, authorization and admission control - Work with ConfigMaps - Use ServiceAccounts - Create and consume Secrets - Configure resource requirements, limits and quotas - Use custom resources and extensions |
| Topic 5: Application Observability and Maintenance | 15% | - Work with container logs - Implement probes and health checks - Debug applications in Kubernetes - Monitor applications using CLI tools - Understand API deprecations |
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NEW QUESTION # 213
You are deploying a new application named 'streaming-services that requires 7 replicas. You want to implement a rolling update strategy that allows for a maximum of two pods to be unavailable at any given time. However, you need to ensure that the update process is triggered automatically whenever a new image is pusned to the Docker Hub repository 'streaming/streaming-service:latest'.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Update the Deployment YAMI-:
- Update the 'replicas' to 7.
- Define 'maxunavailable: 2" and 'maxSurge: (Y in the 'strategy.rollingUpdate' section.
- Configure a 'strategy.types to 'Rollingl_lpdates to trigger a rolling update when the deployment is updated.
- Add a 'spec-template.spec.imagePullPolicy: Always' to ensure that the new image is pulled even if it exists in the pod's local cache.
2. Create the Deployment: - Apply the updated YAML file using 'kubectl apply -f streaming-service-deployment-yamr 3. Verify the Deployment - Check the status of the deployment using 'kubectl get deployments streaming-service-deployment to confirm the rollout and updated replica count. 4. Trigger the Automatic Update: - Push a new image to the 'streaming/streaming-service:latest' Docker Hub repository. 5. Monitor the Deployment - Use 'kubectl get pods -l app=streaming-service' to monitor the pod updates during the rolling update process. You will observe that two pods are terminated at a time, while two new with the updated image are created. 6. Check for Successful Update: - Once the deployment is complete, use 'kubectl describe deployment streaming-service-deployment' to see that the 'updatedReplicas' field matches the 'replicas' field, indicating a successful update.
NEW QUESTION # 214
You are running a web application on a Kubernetes cluster, and you want to ensure that thecontainer running your application is protected from potential security vulnerabilities. You are specifically concerned about unauthorized access to the container's filesystem. Explain how you would implement AppArmor profiles to restrict access to the container's filesystem.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define the AppArmor Profile:
- Create a new AppArmor profile file, for example, 'nginx-apparmor.conf, within your Kubernetes configuration directory.
- Within this file, define the restrictions for the container.
- For instance, to allow access to specific directories and files:
# include common AppArmor profile
include /etc/apparmor.d/abstractions/base/nginx.apparmor
# Allow access to specific directories
/var/www/html r,
/etc/nginx r,
# Allow access to specific files
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf r,
/usr/sbin/nginx r,
# Deny access to all other files and directories
Deny
2. Load the AppArmor Profile:
- Use the create configmap' command to create a ConfigMap containing your AppArmor profile:
Bash
kubectl create configmap nginx-apparmor-profile --from-file=nginx-apparmor.conf
3. Apply the Profile to Your Deployment:
- Update your Deployment YAML file to include the AppArmor profile:
4. Restart the Pods: - Apply the updated Deployment YAML using 'kubectl apply -f nginx-deployment.yaml' - The updated deployment will restart the pods with the new AppArmor profile. 5. Verify the Profile: - Check the status of the pods with 'kubectl describe pod - Look for the "Security Context" section and verify that the AppArmor profile is correctly applied. 6. Test the Restrictions: - Try to access files or directories that are not allowed by your AppArmor profile. - This will help you confirm that the profile is effectively restricting access.
NEW QUESTION # 215
You are building a microservice application that consists of multiple Pods. Each Pod needs to access a shared database hosted in a separate Pod. How would you create a ConfigMap to store the database connection details and make it available to all Pods in the application?
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
I). Create a ConfigMap:
- Create a ConfigMap named "database-config' to store the database connection details.
- Replace 'your-database-hostname' , 'your-database-port, 'your-database-user, and 'your-database-password' with the actual connection information.
2. Mount the ConfigMap to Pods: - In tne Deployment configurations for each microservice Pod, mount the 'database-config' ConfigMap as a volume. - Use 'envFror-n' to include the ConfigMap's data as environment variables for the application container - This way, the application can access the database connection details directly through environment variables.
3. Verify the Connection: - Once the Pods are deployed, you can check the application logs to ensure that they are successfully connecting to the database using the provided connection details.
NEW QUESTION # 216 
Context
A project that you are working on has a requirement for persistent data to be available.
Task
To facilitate this, perform the following tasks:
* Create a file on node sk8s-node-0 at /opt/KDSP00101/data/index.html with the content Acct=Finance
* Create a PersistentVolume named task-pv-volume using hostPath and allocate 1Gi to it, specifying that the volume is at /opt/KDSP00101/data on the cluster's node. The configuration should specify the access mode of ReadWriteOnce . It should define the StorageClass name exam for the PersistentVolume , which will be used to bind PersistentVolumeClaim requests to this PersistenetVolume.
* Create a PefsissentVolumeClaim named task-pv-claim that requests a volume of at least 100Mi and specifies an access mode of ReadWriteOnce
* Create a pod that uses the PersistentVolmeClaim as a volume with a label app: my-storage-app mounting the resulting volume to a mountPath /usr/share/nginx/html inside the pod
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below.
Explanation
Solution:
NEW QUESTION # 217
You are running a web application that requires high availability and resilience. You have implemented a deployment using a Deployment object in Kubernetes, but you want to ensure that your application can automatically recover from pod failures. Design a strategy using annotations that will enable automatic pod restarts in case of application failures.
Answer:
Explanation:
See the solution below with Step by Step Explanation.
Explanation:
Solution (Step by Step) :
1. Define an Annotation: Add an annotation called ' kubernetes-io/restart-policy' to your Deployment's 'spec-template-metadata' section, setting its value to 'Always'.
2. Trigger Application Failures: You can intentionally trigger failures in your pods to test the restart policy You can use 'kubectl exec' to run commands inside a pod and simulate an application failure using 'Pkill -f s. For example, you can run a command like 'Pkill -f web-app' to terminate the web app process. 3. Monitor Pod Restarts: Observe the pods in your deployment using 'kubectl get pods -l app=web-app' . You will see that Kubernetes automatically restarts pods where the application has failed, ensuring your application remains available. 4. Confirm Automatic Restart Verify the 'restartCount of the affected pods using 'kubectl describe pod This will show the number of times the pod has been restarted due to the application failure. 5. Alternative Restart Policies: While 'Always' is the default policy, you can also use other restart policies like 'onFailure' (restarts only it the pod exits due to an error) or 'Never' (doesn't restart tne pod regardless of the reason for failure). Use the ' kubernetes.wrestart-policy' annotation to set these alternative policies as needed for specific applications. ,
NEW QUESTION # 218
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