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| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| Topic 1: Scanning Networks | 8% | - Network Scanning Basics - Host & Port Discovery - AI-Assisted Scanning - Scanning Beyond IDS/Firewall - Service & OS Fingerprinting - Scanning Countermeasures |
| Topic 2: Web Server & Application Attacks | 8% | - SQL Injection & Command Injection - API Security Risks - Web Server Vulnerabilities - Web Security Countermeasures - Web Application Attacks: XSS, CSRF |
| Topic 3: Enumeration | 7% | - Enumeration Concepts - DNS, SMTP, NFS Enumeration - NetBIOS, SNMP, LDAP Enumeration - AI-Driven Enumeration - Enumeration Countermeasures |
| Topic 4: IoT & OT Security | 4% | - IoT/OT Architecture & Risks - Attacks on IoT & OT Systems - Security Controls |
| Topic 5: Malware Threats | 7% | - Malware Types: Trojans, Viruses, Worms - Malware Analysis & Countermeasures - APT & Fileless Malware - AI-Powered Malware |
| Topic 6: Evading IDS, Firewalls, and Honeypots | 5% | - Evasion Techniques - IDS, IPS, Firewall Technologies - Honeypot Concepts & Detection |
| Topic 7: Introduction to Ethical Hacking | 5% | - Information Security Concepts - Cyber Kill Chain & MITRE ATT&CK - Ethical Hacking Methodology - Legal and Ethical Compliance |
| Topic 8: Cryptography | 5% | - Encryption Concepts & Algorithms - Cryptanalysis & Attacks - Public Key Infrastructure - Cryptography in Practice |
| Topic 9: Mobile Platforms | 4% | - Mobile Device Security - Mobile Attack Vectors - Android & iOS Vulnerabilities |
| Topic 10: Wireless Networks | 5% | - Wireless Hacking Tools - Wireless Threats & Attacks - Security Best Practices - Wireless Encryption: WEP, WPA2, WPA3 |
| Topic 11: Social Engineering | 6% | - Countermeasures & Awareness - Identity Theft - Phishing, Pretexting, Baiting - Social Engineering Concepts |
| Topic 12: Session Hijacking | 4% | - Application & Network Level Hijacking - Hijacking Techniques - Countermeasures - Session Hijacking Concepts |
| Topic 13: System Hacking | 8% | - Gaining Access: Password Attacks - Privilege Escalation - Maintaining Access - Clearing Tracks & Logs |
| Topic 14: Vulnerability Analysis | 8% | - Vulnerability Research & Databases - Vulnerability Classification & Scoring - Vulnerability Assessment Lifecycle - Scanning & Analysis Tools |
| Topic 15: Cloud Computing | 5% | - Cloud Security Risks - Cloud Models & Services - Cloud Security Best Practices - AWS, Azure, GCP Attacks |
| Topic 16: Denial-of-Service | 4% | - DDoS Tools - Defense Mechanisms - DoS & DDoS Concepts - Attack Techniques & Botnets |
| Topic 17: Footprinting and Reconnaissance | 7% | - Reconnaissance Countermeasures - Reconnaissance Concepts - DNS, WHOIS, Network Mapping - OSINT Techniques |
| Topic 18: Sniffing | 5% | - Sniffing Tools & Techniques - Sniffing Countermeasures - Packet Sniffing Concepts - MITM Attacks |
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NEW QUESTION # 154
An authorized security assessment is performed on a public-sector services portal in Madison, Wisconsin.
After authenticating with a controlled test account, the assessor captures the authentication identifier issued by the application.
Under controlled lab conditions, she attempts to reuse the captured identifier from a separate machine connected through a different encrypted channel. Although the identifier remains valid and within its lifetime, the application rejects the request when presented from the alternate environment.
Analysis indicates that the server evaluates characteristics associated with the original secure exchange before allowing continued use of the issued identifier.
Which defensive mechanism most likely explains this behavior?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is B. Cryptographically binding authentication tokens to the TLS connection context.
The scenario describes a defense against session token replay. The attacker/tester has a valid authentication identifier, but the application rejects it when it is reused from a different machine and a different encrypted channel. This indicates that the token is not accepted by itself; it is tied to the original TLS-secured session context.
CEH-aligned session hijacking material explains that session replay occurs when an attacker captures an authentication token and replays the request to obtain unauthorized access. It also describes session hijacking as taking over an authenticated session after authentication has already completed . TLS material explains that TLS provides secure communication, peer authentication, shared-secret generation, and secure session establishment between endpoints . Binding the token to the TLS context prevents a captured token from being reused over a different TLS connection.
Option A. Encrypting DNS resolution traffic using DNS over HTTPS is incorrect because DNS over HTTPS protects DNS lookups, not application session tokens.
Option C. Applying IPsec protection at the network layer is incorrect because IPsec protects traffic at the network layer. The question specifically describes an application-issued authentication identifier being validated against the original secure exchange.
Option D. Enforcing HTTP Strict Transport Security is incorrect because HSTS forces browsers to use HTTPS, but it does not cryptographically bind a token to a specific TLS channel.
Therefore, the best answer is B. Cryptographically binding authentication tokens to the TLS connection context.
NEW QUESTION # 155
During a penetration testing assignment, a Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) used a set of scanning tools to create a profile of the target organization. The CEH wanted to scan for live hosts, open ports, and services on a target network. He used Nmap for network inventory and Hping3 for network security auditing. However, he wanted to spoof IP addresses for anonymity during probing. Which command should the CEH use to perform this task?
Answer: A
Explanation:
The command C. Hping3 -S 192.168.1.1 -a 192.168.1.254 -p 22 -flood is the correct one to spoof IP addresses for anonymity during probing. This command sends SYN packets (-S) to the target IP 192.168.1.1 with a spoofed source IP (-a) 192.168.1.254 on port 22 (-p) and floods the target with packets (-flood). This way, the CEH can hide his real IP address and avoid detection by the target's firewall or IDS12.
The other commands are incorrect for the following reasons:
* A. Hping3 -110.0.0.25 --ICMP: This command sends ICMP packets (-ICMP) to the target IP 10.0.0.25, but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH's real IP address will be exposed to the target.
* B. Nmap -sS -Pn -n -vw --packet-trace -p- --script discovery -T4: This command performs a stealthy SYN scan (-sS) on all ports (-p-) of the target without pinging it (-Pn) or resolving DNS names (-n). It also enables verbose output (-v), packet tracing (-packet-trace), and discovery scripts (-script discovery) with an aggressive timing (-T4). However, this command does not spoof the source IP, and in fact, reveals more information about the scan to the target by using packet tracing and discovery scripts.
* D. Hping3-210.0.0.25-p 80: This command sends TCP packets (default) to the target IP 10.0.0.25 on port 80 (-p), but does not spoof the source IP. Therefore, the CEH's real IP address will be exposed to the target.
References:
* 1: Master hping3 and Enhance Your Network Strength | GoLinuxCloud
* 2: Spoofing Packets with Hping3 - YouTube
NEW QUESTION # 156
Which wireless attack captures handshake?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The correct answer is A because a deauthentication attack is commonly used to force a connected wireless client to disconnect from an access point and then reconnect. During that reconnection process, the WPA
/WPA2 authentication handshake can be captured and later used for offline password-cracking attempts. CEH wireless hacking concepts describe breaking WPA by capturing WPA/WPA2 authentication handshaking packets and forcing a connected client to disconnect and reconnect so authentication packets can be captured for Pairwise Master Key analysis. This matches the purpose of a deauth attack. Jamming is mainly an availability or denial-of-service attack that disrupts wireless communication, not a handshake-capture method.
Spoofing means impersonating a device or MAC address, and replay means reusing captured traffic or authentication data. Although replay attacks can be part of wireless exploitation, the specific attack used to trigger a fresh handshake capture is deauthentication. Therefore, option A is the best CEH-aligned answer.
NEW QUESTION # 157
A company's Web development team has become aware of a certain type of security vulnerability in their Web software. To mitigate the possibility of this vulnerability being exploited, the team wants to modify the software requirements to disallow users from entering HTML as input into their Web application.
What kind of Web application vulnerability likely exists in their software?
Answer: B
Explanation:
There is no single, standardized classification of cross-site scripting flaws, but most experts distinguish between at least two primary flavors of XSS flaws: non-persistent and persistent. In this issue, we consider the non-persistent cross-site scripting vulnerability.
The non-persistent (or reflected) cross-site scripting vulnerability is by far the most basic type of web vulnerability. These holes show up when the data provided by a web client, most commonly in HTTP query parameters (e.g. HTML form submission), is used immediately by server-side scripts to parse and display a page of results for and to that user, without properly sanitizing the content.
Because HTML documents have a flat, serial structure that mixes control statements, formatting, and the actual content, any non-validated user-supplied data included in the resulting page without proper HTML encoding, may lead to markup injection. A classic example of a potential vector is a site search engine: if one searches for a string, the search string will typically be redisplayed verbatim on the result page to indicate what was searched for. If this response does not properly escape or reject HTML control characters, a cross- site scripting flaw will ensue.
NEW QUESTION # 158
During a security assessment at Apex Technologies in Austin, Texas, the cybersecurity team identifies a high risk of social engineering attacks. Including phishing, vishing, and baiting, targeting employees across departments. To strengthen defenses, the team plans to implement a countermeasure to reduce the likelihood of employees disclosing sensitive information. Which of the following countermeasures should Apex Technologies prioritize to mitigate the risk of social engineering attacks?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Social engineering attacks primarily exploit human behavior rather than technical vulnerabilities.
The most effective mitigation is educating employees through security awareness and training programs so they can recognize and respond appropriately to phishing, vishing, and other manipulation techniques.
NEW QUESTION # 159
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