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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| BGP and Internet Routing | - BGP fundamentals
|
| MPLS and VPN Technologies | - VPN technologies
|
| IPv6 and Network Services | - IPv6 routing technologies
|
| Advanced Routing Protocols | - OSPF Advanced Concepts
|
| Network Design and Troubleshooting | - Troubleshooting methods
|
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NEW QUESTION # 237
On a BGP/MPLS IP VPN network, _ _ is used to distinguish IPv4 prefixes with the same address space. In this case, IPv4 addresses are called VPNv4 addresses. (Enter the acronym in uppercase.)
Answer:
Explanation:
RD
Explanation:
The required acronym is RD , meaning Route Distinguisher .
Different customers connected through a BGP/MPLS IP VPN can use overlapping private IPv4 address spaces. An ordinary IPv4 prefix such as 10.1.1.0/24 is therefore insufficient to uniquely identify a customer route in the service provider's MP-BGP VPN routing table.
A PE adds an eight-byte RD to the IPv4 prefix, creating a globally unique VPNv4 route. Two customers may use the same IPv4 prefix, but different RDs make their VPNv4 routes distinct. For example:
RD 100:1 + 10.1.1.0/24
RD 200:1 + 10.1.1.0/24
These are separate VPNv4 routes.
The RD must not be confused with a Route Target. An RD distinguishes overlapping prefixes , whereas an RT controls which VPN instances import or export routes . Huawei documentation explicitly states that RDs distinguish IPv4 prefixes using the same address space and that IPv4 routes containing RDs are called VPN-IPv4 or VPNv4 routes. Huawei BGP/MPLS IP VPN concepts
NEW QUESTION # 238
During an attempt to log in to a NetEngine AR6120 through the console port, the network engineer finds that the password is incorrect and the login fails. If a Telnet account can be used to log in to the device and the account has the permission to change the console port password, the network engineer can log in to the device through Telnet to change the console port password.
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 239
On the OSPF network shown in the figure, area 1 is a common area, area 2 is a stub area, and area 3 is an NSSA. R5 imports an external route 10.0.5.5/32. Given this, which of the following routers does not have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table?
Answer: D
Explanation:
Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:In this OSPF network, we need to determine which router does not have the external route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table, based on the area types and OSPF behavior for external routes (Type 5 LSAs). Let's break it down step by step:
* Understanding the Network and Area Types:
* The network has multiple areas: Area 0 (backbone area), Area 1 (common area), Area 2 (stub area), and Area 3 (Not-So-Stubby Area or NSSA).
* Area 0 is the backbone area, connecting all other areas.
* Area 1 is a common (regular) area, which allows all types of LSAs, including external routes (Type 5 LSAs).
* Area 2 is a stub area, which does not allow external routes (Type 5 LSAs) to be propagated into it. Instead, a default route (0.0.0.0/0) is injected by the Area Border Router (ABR) to provide connectivity to external destinations.
* Area 3 is an NSSA, which allows limited external routes (Type 7 LSAs, translated to Type 5 LSAs by the ABR) but can block Type 5 LSAs depending on configuration. However, NSSAs typically allow external routes originated within the NSSA to be advertised into Area 0 and other areas.
* External Route Behavior (10.0.5.5/32):
* R5, located in Area 3 (NSSA), imports an external route 10.0.5.5/32. In an NSSA, external routes are advertised as Type 7 LSAs within the NSSA and are translated to Type 5 LSAs by the ABR (e.g., R1 or another router connecting Area 3 to Area 0) before being flooded into Area 0 and other areas.
* Type 5 LSAs (external routes) are flooded throughout the OSPF domain, except into stub areas and, in some cases, NSSAs (depending on configuration). However, stub areas block Type 5 LSAs entirely, replacing them with a default route.
* Analyzing Each Router's Area and Route Propagation:
* R1: Located in Area 0, R1 is an ABR connecting Area 0 to other areas (e.g., Area 1 and Area 3).
As an ABR, R1 receives the Type 7 LSA from R5 in Area 3, translates it to a Type 5 LSA, and floods it into Area 0 and other connected areas (except stub areas). Therefore, R1 will have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table.
* R2: Located in Area 0, R2 is also in the backbone area and will receive the Type 5 LSA flooded from Area 0. Thus, R2 will have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table.
* R3: Located in Area 2 (stub area), R3 does not receive Type 5 LSAs because stub areas block external routes. Instead, the ABR (likely R2 or another router connecting Area 2 to Area 0) injects a default route (0.0.0.0/0) into Area 2. Therefore, R3 will not have the specific route
10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table.
* R4: Located in Area 2 (stub area), R4, like R3, is in a stub area and does not receive Type 5 LSAs. It relies on the default route injected by the ABR. Thus, R4 will not have the route 10.0.5.5
/32 in its routing table.
* R5: Located in Area 3 (NSSA), R5 originates the external route 10.0.5.5/32 and advertises it as a Type 7 LSA within Area 3. R5 will have this route in its routing table.
* R6: Located in Area 1 (common area), R6 receives the Type 5 LSA flooded from Area 0 (via R1 or another ABR). Therefore, R6 will have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table.
* Identifying the Router Without the Route:
* The question asks which router does not have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table.
* R3 and R4 are both in Area 2 (stub area), which blocks Type 5 LSAs. Therefore, neither R3 nor R4 will have the route 10.0.5.5/32.
* R6 (Area 1, common area) and R2 (Area 0, backbone) will have the route, as will R1 (Area 0 and ABR) and R5 (Area 3, NSSA, originator).
* The options provided are R6, R3, R4, and R2. Among these, R3 and R4 do not have the route, but we need to select one correct answer from the options. Given the typical focus of such questions on identifying a single router in a stub area, and considering the placement of R4 in the diagram (Area 2), R4 is the most likely answer, as it is clearly in the stub area and isolated from external routes.
* Conclusion:
* R4, located in Area 2 (stub area), does not have the route 10.0.5.5/32 in its routing table because stub areas block Type 5 LSAs, and only a default route is provided by the ABR.
* Therefore, the correct answer is C (R4).
References (Based on HCIP-Datacom-Advanced Routing & Switching Technology Concepts):
* OSPF Area Types: HCIP-Datacom documentation on OSPF area configurations, including stub areas, NSSAs, and common areas (e.g., Section on OSPF LSA Types and Area Restrictions).
* External Route Propagation: HCIP-Datacom coverage of Type 5 and Type 7 LSAs, their flooding behavior, and restrictions in stub and NSSA areas (e.g., Chapter on Advanced OSPF Features).
* ABR and ASBR Roles: HCIP-Datacom explanation of Area Border Routers (ABRs) and Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs) in OSPF networks (e.g., Section on Route Redistribution and External Route Handling).
NEW QUESTION # 240
Which of the following actions may affect the normal operation of the customer's network?
Answer: A,B,C
NEW QUESTION # 241
On the IS-IS IPv6 network shown in the figure, multi-topology is enabled on all routers. The ipv6 default- route-advertise always level-1 command is configured in the IS-IS processes of R4 and R5. By default, which of the following routers have default routes in their routing tables?
Answer: B,C,D
Explanation:
The ipv6 default-route-advertise always level-1 command instructs an IS-IS router to advertise an IPv6 default route, ::/0, unconditionally in its Level-1 routing domain.
In area 49.0001, R4 is a Level-1 router, while R1 and R2 are Level-1-2 routers. R4 advertises the default route through Level-1 LSPs, allowing R1 and R2 to learn it.
In area 49.0002, R5 is a Level-1 router and R3 is a Level-1-2 router. R5 similarly advertises a default route to R3.
The level-1 parameter limits the advertisements to their respective Level-1 areas. These advertisements are not automatically flooded throughout the Level-2 backbone.
R4 originates its own default-route advertisement rather than learning one from R1 or R2 in this scenario.
Therefore, R1, R2, and R3 have learned default routes.
NEW QUESTION # 242
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