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| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
| Topic 1: Symmetric Cryptography | - Key Management - Initialization Vectors (IV) - Block Ciphers (AES, DES, 3DES) - Stream Ciphers |
| Topic 2: Cryptanalysis and Attacks | - Brute Force and Dictionary Attacks - Common Attack Vectors - Social Engineering Prevention |
| Topic 3: Hashing and Digital Signatures | - Digital Signature Standards - Hash Functions (MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256) - Message Authentication Codes (MAC) |
| Topic 4: Applied Cryptography | - PGP and Email Encryption - VPN Security - SSL/TLS Protocols - Cryptographic Best Practices |
| Topic 5: Asymmetric Cryptography | - RSA Algorithm - Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) - Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange - Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) |
| Topic 6: Cryptography Fundamentals | - History and Evolution of Cryptography - Cryptographic Terminology - Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption |
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NEW QUESTION # 60
(How does a cryptographic policy contribute to incident response?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
A cryptographic policy defines how encryption, keys, certificates, and integrity mechanisms are used and managed across an organization. During incident response, that policy becomes a playbook for making safe, consistent decisions under pressure. It can specify how to rotate or revoke compromised keys, how to validate and reissue certificates, how to preserve evidence integrity with hashing, and how to securely communicate sensitive incident details (e.g., using approved encrypted channels). It can also define backup encryption requirements and key escrow or recovery procedures, enabling secure data recovery without exposing protected data. Policies typically outline roles and responsibilities (who can access keys, who can approve rekeying), logging requirements, and escalation steps-reducing confusion and preventing ad hoc crypto changes that might worsen exposure. The goal is not to limit encryption; it is to ensure cryptography is used correctly to contain and remediate incidents. Therefore, providing guidelines for secure recovery and communication is the correct contribution of cryptographic policy to incident response.
NEW QUESTION # 61
(Which default port must be allowed by firewalls for the key exchange of the IPsec handshaking process to be successful?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
IPsec's initial key exchange is commonly performed using IKE (Internet Key Exchange), which negotiates Security Associations (SAs), authenticates peers, and establishes shared keys for ESP/AH protection. The traditional and default transport for IKEv1 and IKEv2 is UDP port 500. During negotiation, peers exchange proposals (crypto suites), perform Diffie-Hellman to derive key material, and authenticate using pre-shared keys, certificates, or EAP methods. If a firewall blocks UDP 500, the IKE negotiation cannot begin, preventing IPsec tunnels from forming. In many real deployments, NAT traversal is also used; in that case, traffic typically shifts to UDP 4500 (NAT-T) after detection of NAT, but UDP 500 is still required for the initial exchange and NAT detection in many configurations. TCP
500 is not standard for IKE. Port 443 is associated with HTTPS/TLS and some SSL VPNs, not IPsec IKE. Therefore, among the options provided, the firewall must allow UDP 500 for IPsec key exchange to succeed.
NEW QUESTION # 62
(Which cryptographic operation uses a single key?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
Symmetric cryptography uses a single shared secret key for both encryption and decryption. This contrasts with asymmetric cryptography, which uses a key pair (public/private). Symmetric algorithms (like AES, ChaCha20) are efficient and well-suited for bulk data encryption, but they require a secure method for key distribution because both parties must possess the same secret. Hashing is not a keyed operation by default (though HMAC is keyed); it maps arbitrary data to a fixed-size digest and is primarily used for integrity checking, fingerprints, and password hashing constructions. Padding is a data formatting technique (e.g., PKCS#7) used to align plaintext to a block size; it is not a cryptographic "operation" that uses a key. Therefore, the cryptographic operation characterized by using one key shared between parties is symmetric encryption. In real systems, symmetric encryption is frequently combined with asymmetric methods for key exchange and with MACs/AEAD for integrity, producing the standard hybrid approach used in protocols like TLS and IPsec.
NEW QUESTION # 63
(Why should a forensic investigator create a hash of a victim's hard drive and of the bitstream copy of the hard drive?)
Answer: B
Explanation:
In digital forensics, investigators must preserve evidence integrity and demonstrate an unbroken chain of custody. Creating a cryptographic hash (such as SHA-256) of the original drive and then hashing the forensic bitstream image provides a strong mathematical assurance that the copy is an exact, bit-for-bit replica. Because secure hash functions are designed so that any tiny change in data produces a dramatically different digest, matching hashes indicate the image contains identical data to the source at the time of acquisition. This is critical in legal and investigative contexts: analysis is performed on the copy, not the original, to avoid altering evidence. If the hashes match, the investigator can testify that the evidence examined is identical to what was collected, supporting admissibility and credibility.
Hashing does not prove who created files, nor does it directly show whether someone "opened the drive"; it specifically validates the integrity and equivalence of the captured image. Therefore, hashing both artifacts is done to verify that the original and the bitstream copy are identical.
NEW QUESTION # 64
(Which type of encryption is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) considered to be?)
Answer: A
Explanation:
AES is a symmetric-key block cipher, meaning the same shared secret key is used for both encryption and decryption. It operates on fixed-size 128-bit blocks and supports key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits. Being symmetric, AES is efficient and well-suited for encrypting large volumes of data-files, disk encryption, VPN payloads, and bulk traffic in protocols like TLS once a session key is established. AES is not "hybrid" by itself; hybrid encryption refers to combining asymmetric cryptography (for key exchange or key wrapping) with symmetric cryptography (for bulk data encryption), and AES often plays the symmetric part of that hybrid design. It is not "quantum encryption," which is a separate, loosely used term sometimes referring to quantum key distribution or quantum-resistant algorithms. AES is also not asymmetric; it does not use public
/private key pairs. Therefore, AES is correctly classified as symmetric encryption, matching option D.
NEW QUESTION # 65
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