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NEW QUESTION # 85
Pairwise testing can be used in the context of self-driving cars for controlling an explosion in the number of combinations of parameters.
Which ONE of the following options is LEAST likely to be a reason for this incredible growth of parameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: C
Explanation:
Pairwise testing is used to handle the large number of combinations of parameters that can arise in complex systems like self-driving cars. The question asks which of the given options is least likely to be a reason for the explosion in the number of parameters.
Different Road Types (A): Self-driving cars must operate on various road types, such as highways, city streets, rural roads, etc. Each road type can have different characteristics, requiring the car's system to adapt and handle different scenarios. Thus, this is a significant factor contributing to the growth of parameters.
Different Weather Conditions (B): Weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and bright sunlight significantly affect the performance of self-driving cars. The car's sensors and algorithms must adapt to these varying conditions, which adds to the number of parameters that need to be considered.
ML Model Metrics to Evaluate Functional Performance (C): While evaluating machine learning (ML) model performance is crucial, it does not directly contribute to the explosion of parameter combinations in the same way that road types, weather conditions, and car features do. Metrics are used to measure and assess performance but are not themselves variable conditions that the system must handle.
Different Features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance, etc. (D): Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other features add complexity to self-driving cars. Each feature can have multiple settings and operational modes, contributing to the overall number of parameters.
Hence, the least likely reason for the incredible growth in the number of parameters is C. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance.
Reference:
ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing discusses the application of this technique to manage the combinations of different variables in AI-based systems, including those used in self-driving cars.
Sample Exam Questions document, Question #29 provides context for the explosion in parameter combinations in self-driving cars and highlights the use of pairwise testing as a method to manage this complexity.
NEW QUESTION # 86
A wildlife conservation group would like to use a neural network to classify images of different animals. The algorithm is going to be used on a social media platform to automatically pick out pictures of the chosen animal of the month. This month's animal is set to be a wolf. The test team has already observed that the algorithm could classify a picture of a dog as being a wolf because of the similar characteristics between dogs and wolves. To handle such instances, the team is planning to train the model with additional images of wolves and dogs so that the model is able to better differentiate between the two.
What test method should you use to verify that the model has improved after the additional training?
Answer: B
Explanation:
The syllabus defines back-to-back testing as a method to compare a modified AI system to the previous version, which is ideal in this scenario:
"Back-to-back testing is performed by comparing the outputs of two systems that are supposed to provide the same outputs, one being a known and trusted system and the other being the test system. This approach can be used to test ML systems after re-training to verify that improvements have not introduced regressions." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 9.3, page 67 of 99)
NEW QUESTION # 87
The activation value output for a neuron in a neural network is obtained by applying computation to the neuron.
Which ONE of the following options BEST describes the inputs used to compute the activation value?
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 88
Which ONE of the following options describes the LEAST LIKELY usage of Al for detection of GUI changes due to changes in test objects?
SELECT ONE OPTION
Answer: D
Explanation:
* A. Using a pixel comparison of the GUI before and after the change to check the differences.
Pixel comparison is a traditional method and does not involve AI . It compares images at the pixel level, which can be effective but is not an intelligent approach. It is not considered an AI usage and is the least likely usage of AI for detecting GUI changes.
* B. Using computer vision to compare the GUI before and after the test object changes.
Computer vision involves using AI techniques to interpret and process images. It is a likely usage of AI for detecting changes in the GUI .
* C. Using vision-based detection of the GUI layout changes before and after test object changes.
Vision-based detection is another AI technique where the layout and structure of the GUI are analyzed to detect changes. This is a typical application of AI .
* D. Using a ML-based classifier to flag if changes in GUI are to be flagged for humans.
An ML-based classifier can intelligently determine significant changes and decide if they need human review, which is a sophisticated AI application.
NEW QUESTION # 89
Which of the following is a problem with AI-generated test cases that are generated from the requirements?
Answer: B
Explanation:
AI-generated test cases are often created using machine learning (ML) models or heuristic algorithms. While these can be effective in generating large numbers of test cases quickly, they oftensuffer from the "test oracle problem."
* Test Oracle Problem:A test oracle is the mechanism used to determine the expected output of a test case. AI-generated test cases oftenlack expected resultsbecause AI-based tools do not inherently understand what the correct output should be.
* Difficulty in Verification:Without expected results, verifying test cases becomes challenging. Testers mustrely on heuristics, anomaly detection, or significant failures, rather than traditional pass/fail conditions.
* A (Slow Execution Time):AI-generated tests are typically automated and designed for efficiency. They are not inherently slow and often executefasterthan manually written tests.
* B (Defect-Prone Due to Nuance Issues):While AI-generated tests may struggle with some complexities in requirements, they primarilylack expected results, rather than failing due to an inability to detect nuances.
* C (Complicated Debugging Due to Many Steps):AI-generated testsreducedebugging complexity by limiting the number of steps required to reproduce failures.
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus (Section 11.3: Using AI for Test Case Generation)
* "AI-generated test cases often lack expected results, making it difficult to verify correctness without a test oracle.".
* "Verification often relies on detecting significant failures rather than having predefined expected results.".
Why Other Options Are Incorrect:Supporting References from ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Study Guide:Conclusion:Since AI-generated test cases frequentlylack expected results, verification becomes difficult, requiring testers tofocus on major failuresrather than precise pass/fail conditions. Thus, thecorrect answer is D.
NEW QUESTION # 90
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